ABCR1103-T6

TOPIC 6

INTRODUCTION

You have spent much time in gathering the important information and organising them in a pattern deemed most appropriate to be delivered to your listeners. Additionally, to help the audience follow your thoughts, you have also prepared some audio-visual aids to be used in your presentation. The big day is drawing nearer and you start to be worried. What should you do? The remaining several days should be used to practice your presentation. As the wise saying goes „Practice makes perfect‰; you should systematically plan your rehearsal. So, how do you go about it?

Topic

6

Delivering a

Speech

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. Identify the effective ways of practicing a speech delivery prior to

actual presentation;

2. Explain vital elements in voice control in speech making;

3. Identify and use appropriate body language in speech making;

4. Present a speech effectively; and

5. Identify and use a public announcement system and audio-visual

aids effectively in a speech presentation.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

 47

PRACTICE

Practice is essential in every performance, including stage performances such as

singing, dancing, and playing musical instruments, sports performances, and

also public speaking. Unfortunately, many speakers do not practice their

presentation prior to the actual delivery. This makes their speeches less than

perfect with blunders here and there. Small mistakes sometimes are not

noticeable by the audience, but bigger ones will spoil the presentation. If the

speaker himself is unsure of his words, how is he going to convince the

audience? Therefore, it is imperative for the speaker to make himself familiar

with his substance, organisation and presentation approaches before sharing it

with the audience. The only way to be familiar with his speech is to practice it.

The more he practices, the more confident he will feel.

A speaker who wants to deliver a perfect speech must seriously practice the

presentation several times prior to the actual day. The question is how frequent

must he practice? Some say between three and six times is sufficient. If it is fewer

than three times, the speaker will not be able to identify his weaknesses. If more

than six times, the speaker will be over confident. Thus, in short, one should keep

on practicing until he feels comfortable with his presentation and makes a very

limited number of small mistakes that are unnoticeable by the audience.

What is the correct way to practice? It is suggested that while practicing, try to

memorise the ideas, not the text of your speech. The biggest mistake made by

most novice speakers is trying to remember everything that they wrote in the

speech text, word for word. And this is not an easy task.

Then, prepare note cards to for every idea memorised. The speaker must practice

using the same note cards that he is going to use in the actual delivery. Do not

make mistakes by using manuscript while practicing and then replacing them

with note cards in the actual delivery. This will create a lot of problem since the

speaker is not familiar with the note cards. Thus, use the same note cards, while

practicing and in the actual delivery.

Push yourself through your words, starting from your practice sessions. This will

make your expressions more meaningful and livelier, and not merely reading out

something from a newspaper to your audience. By pushing through your words,

you will be more enthusiastic in your presentation and this will produce natural

voice control and meaningful body movements.

Obviously, a speaker does not need any special practice for his body language.

This is because body movements should come naturally as a result of his

enthusiasm and understanding of his own words. Premeditated body

6.1

4 8 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

movements are unnatural and fake. If possible, record your practice sessions. The

best is to use a video recorder but if this is unavailable, audio recording is the

second choice. After your delivery, play back your recorded sessions and criticise

yourself. This will help you to identify your strong points and also your mistakes

that need swift attention. Another alternative is to practice in front of a pseudo

audience. Pseudo audiences are those who will not be attending your actual

presentation as the audience. Hence, your close friends, spouse, and committee

members can serve as a pseudo audience. Get them to attend your practice

sessions, observe your presentation and give some comments, focusing on your

strengths and weaknesses. Some speakers even practice in front of a big mirror in

order to see their own presentation.

Finally, time yourself while practicing. Be sure you are able to conclude your

speech in an allotted time. Do not exceed the time allocated to you and

conversely do not finish too soon. If you far exceed the time limit, try to cut short

some elaborations, merge some points, or reduce the number of your sub points.

If you finish your presentation too early, perhaps your information is insufficient.

You would need to search for more information, add more examples, or

elaborate more of your points.

PREPARING NOTE CARDS

It has been mentioned earlier that a speaker should use note cards, not texts in

his presentations. In addition, the speaker should familiarise himself with the

note cards while practicing his speeches. The same cards must be use in the

actual speech presentation. Why do we recommend cards instead of sheets of

paper? The obvious reason is that cards are easier to manage. They are heavier

than paper and are not easily blown off by the wind if you are to present your

speech in a hall equipped only with fans. Additionally, cards can be handled in

one hand even though there is no rostrum prepared for you, while the other

hand can be used for gestures.

6.2

ACTIVITY 6.1

1. Why is it important to practice your speech before the actual

event?

2. Explain steps to be considered in practicing your speech.

3. Practice the presentation of the speech that you have planned

in the previous activities.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

 49

Figure 6.1: Example of note cards

How do these note cards look like? What is the correct size of the cards? A

speaker can choose either to use a stack of 5‰ X 7‰ or 3‰ X 5‰ cards. Nonetheless,

5‰ X 7‰ cards are more recommended since you do not have to cramp everything

on one small space. You can write bigger in bigger font on the cards and this will

make your writing more visible and easier to read even if you have to stand and

deliver from a dim corner of a stage.

What should be written on the cards? Avoid using note cards to replicate your

speech texts. That is to say, do not write too many things on one page of your

card. Remember, psychologically the more you write, the more you tend to read.

Eventually, your speech will no more be extemporaneous, as you will be reading

from your small texts. Therefore, only write your main ideas and sub-points on

your note cards. Be sure your writing is big and clear enough so that they are

readable. Besides that, your cards can also contain some important facts and

quotations that need accuracy. It is recommended that you use one card for one

main idea. Thus, if you have four main ideas to be shared with your audience,

you need to prepare and use four note cards. Do not clutter your cards by writing

too many things on it. This will make it difficult to be read. Arrange these cards

according to the main ideas. It is better to number the cards. While delivering

your speech refer to your cards occasionally. At any rate, do not rely too much on

the cards. Figure 6.1 shows the example of note cards.

These cards should be placed on the rostrum. If possible do not hold the cards in

your hands unless there is no rostrum provided.

5 0 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

CONTROLLING YOUR VOICE

Your voice is an important asset for you as a public speaker and a speakersÊ voice

needs to be controlled in order to make his meanings precise.

There are six elements in voice control that need to be mastered by public

speakers. The elements are shown in Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2: Voice control elements

The explanations are as follows:

(a) Volume

A good speaker must speak loud and clear enough so that every one in the

audience can hear him. Nonetheless, speaking loudly does not mean

shouting at the audience. Shouting at the audience will only irritate them.

Thus, if you are facing a big crowd, use the public announcement system

effectively. At any rate, a speaker can learn to use a correct level of volume

through practice.

6.3

ACTIVITY 6.2

1. Prepare your own note cards for the speech that you have

planned in the previous activities.

2. Use these note cards in you practice.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

 51

(b) Pitch

Some people refer to pitch as intonation. In speech making, intonation is

very important as it stresses the important parts of the message. Speakers

normally increase their pitch to stress a point. This will create effects on the

audience. Thus, it functions like a bolded word or phrase in written

sentences. Nothing creates boredom more than a monotonous speech.

Therefore, try to use a variety of pitch levels while delivering your points.

This skill definitely needs some training.

(c) Rate

Every language and dialect has its own proper rate of speech. The speech

rate of American English for instance is about 120 words per minute

whereas French is about 140 words per minute. Standard Malay language is

spoken at about 130 words per minute. Nonetheless, this speech rate is

influenced by the mother tongue dialect of the speaker. For example,

Tamils who are used to speaking Tamil at a higher speech rate will also

increase the rate when they speak Malay. A Kelantanese whose dialect is

slower than the standard Malay will speak Malay at a lower rate. However,

an effective speaker will use a variety of speech rates while making his

points. Similar to pitch, different ranges in speech rate will increase the

effectiveness of the speech. Speakers normally embark on their delivery by

using a slower rate, and speeding up a little bit to stress a point. The

speaker later reduces his rate to gather attention and subsequently speeds

up again to stress the next important point. This will go on until the end of

the speech. Similar to other talents, this skill needs training and exposure.

(d) Pauses

Pauses refer to the short breaks in between words, similar to a comma in

written sentences. At times, speakers need to pause to seek an appropriate

word to be said next. Pauses can also help the audience to grasp the

utterances of the speaker. At any rate, the speaker must be aware that

pausing at a wrong place will spoil the sentence, blight the meaning and

thus, fail to get the message across. On the other hand, pauses when used at

appropriate places, will allow the audience to follow ideas easily.

(e) Repetition

Repetition is one of the most popular rhetorical techniques used by most

speakers. Some speakers repeat the same word or phrase several times, yet

some prefer to repeat the word with its synonym. The purpose is to

emphasise the words and to establish cadence. This will consequently

increase the effectiveness of the presentation.

5 2 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

(f) Pronunciation

Pronunciation refers to the correct way of uttering a particular term or

word. It is imperative for a speaker to articulate his words correctly.

Improper or incorrect pronunciation of certain words in a speech will lead

to confusion since the audience may assign different meanings to the

words. Thus, the speaker must learn and practice to pronounce the words

as accurately as possible in order to avoid misunderstanding.

BODY LANGUAGE

Besides voice, body language is another important factor that determines the

success of speech delivery. Sometimes, even before the speaker opens his mouth

to speak, the way he behaves in the function has already ÂsaidÊ something to the

audience. Figure 6.3 below illustrates some aspects of body language that you, as

a speaker, should consider while delivering your speech.

Figure 6.3: Body language in delivering speech

6.4

SELF-CHECK 6.1

1. List all the six elements of voice in speech making.

2. Why is it important for a speaker to control his voice in a

speech presentation?

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

 53

The explanations are as follows:

(a) Appearance

„Appearance‰ refers to a few things. One of it is your arrival time. A

speaker must be punctual. He should never be late for his speaking

engagement. In fact a speaker should reach the venue at least 15 minutes

ahead of the scheduled time for him to speak. This will give him ample

time to catch his breath, rearrange his note cards, check and recheck the

microphone and audio-visual equipments, and focus his thoughts. A

speaker who arrives late will make the audience wait in vain and

consequently lose their interest in the subject matter. Worse still if the

speaker is invited to talk about time management! No one will listen to him.

Another thing under „appearance‰ is the speakerÊs attire. The speaker must

wear proper clothes that are suitable for the function. Suitability here is

gauged from two perspectives: colour and pattern. Both must be

conservative. Apparently, the colour and the pattern of the speakerÊs

clothes cannot be too striking as this will distract the audienceÊs attention.

(b) Movements

The way the speaker approaches and departs from the speaking position or

rostrum is also important. A speaker should walk confidently towards the

speaking position after he has been invited to deliver the speech. Audience

evaluation towards the speaker starts once the host mention his name. The

audience will observe every step that the speaker takes, from his seat to the

speaking position. Once the speaker finishes his speaking task, he should

walk confidently back to his seat. The audienceÊs evaluation on the speaker

does not end until he gets back to his seat. Thus, a clumsy, inelegant,

panicky, or even an Âover confidentÊ speaker will turn the audience off.

(c) Posture

Next is the speakerÊs posture. The speaker must stand up straight while

delivering his speech. By standing up straight, the speaker looks more

serious in his words and also it will be easier for him to control his voice.

Just imagine a speaker who is leaning onto the lectern while delivering an

important topic. Will you believe him?

(d) Gestures

The speakerÊs hand movements must be coordinated to support his

message. Avoid meaningless gestures. Obviously any hand movements

before your audience must be accurately coordinated to enhance the

meanings of spoken words. Thus, the gestures must be natural, not faked.

Of course, not every word uttered must be supported with gestures.

5 4 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

Gestures are only needed occasionally, on a specific word or phrase to

establish emphasis. If gestures are not necessary, rest both hands on the

lectern.

(e) Facial Expression

Our face is in fact the only part of the body that can portray 33 types of

feelings. Sadness, surprise, love, hate, dislike, disappointment, etc. can only

be depicted by our face. Therefore, if we want the audience to really

understand our message, we need to use our face to amplify the meanings

of our words. Nonetheless, facial expression must be natural. It should be

the product of the speakerÊs passionate endeavour to share the message

with the audience. Never contradict the facial expressions with the spoken

words. This will only leave the audience puzzled.

Since eye contact is part of the facial espression, it is vital in communication

as it tells the audience how confident the speaker is. Speakers who are not

confident will find it hard to convince the audience. Therefore, eye contact

must be established and maintained throughout the entire speech. The

speaker should look at the audience on the right, on the left, in the front

and the back rows. Make the eye contact balanced and not skewed to only

one direction. Let everyone in the audience feel that the speaker is directing

the message at him.

(f) The Use of the Rostrum

The rostrum or lectern is actually a place for speakers to put his note cards

and to rest their hands whenever gestures are not necessary. Never abuse

the rostrum by leaning onto it or even banging it.

USING THE MICROPHONE

The public announcement (PA) system is an essential tool for speakers, especially

before a big crowd or audience. This is particularly true when the speaker needs

to present his speeches in venues with poor acoustics. The system basically

consists of a microphone(s), an amplifier, and speaker(s) (refer to Figure 6.4).

6.5

SELF-CHECK 6.2

1. Explain the importance of body language in public speaking.

2. Elaborate on the six main aspects in body language.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

 55

Figure 6.4: A complete PA system helps in delivering a speech better

There are a few things that need to be understood by speakers when dealing with

the device. Firstly, the speaker must know how to switch on the microphone. The

microphone comes in different models and designs. Some have an on/off switch

on the body and some without. Some come with cables and some are wireless.

Anyhow, as a speaker you need to know whether the microphone is ready to be

used. How do you do this? Never tap or knock the microphone. A trained

speaker will only puff the microphone to make sure it is working well.

Additionally, a speaker must also know how to adjust the volume of the PA

system. The adjustment knob is at the amplifier. The suitable level of the volume

depends on the loudness of the speakerÊs voice, the size of the audience, the size

of the hall or room, the acoustics of the venue, how much noise surrounding the

place, etc. Normally, at important functions, there will be a technician on standby

to assist a speaker. Otherwise you can get the master of ceremonies to help

you with the adjustment. At any rate, a wrongly adjusted volume level will

annoy the audience and thus, interrupt the transfer of meaning between the

speaker and the audience.

Besides that, the speaker must also know how to adjust the height of the

microphone to suit his height. The height of the microphone must always be

below the speakerÊs chin with the tip of the microphone always pointing to the

speakerÊs mouth. This will make it easier for the speaker to speak into the

microphone. Furthermore, the speaker must also adjust the distance between his

mouth and the microphone. The proper distance is approximately six inches.

Never get too close or too far from the microphone. Otherwise, the device will

not function well and this defeats the purpose of using it.

5 6 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

USING AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

Another important tool in speech presentations are the audio-visual aids. In short,

audio-visual aids (AVA) are simply anything that you use in your presentation in

order for you to make your points easier to be imparted to the audience. Since

these equipments are supposed to assist you in your presentation, they should be

used occasionally and should never substitute you as the main presenter. Bear in

mind that the use of AVA is not compulsory. The need to use AVA depends very

much on the topic, the audience and the situation.

The most popular AVA used in public speaking are overhead projectors (OHP)

and transparencies, white boards, flip charts, slide projectors, posters,

photographs, audio compact discs, video compact discs, real objects, models, cut

away view models and power-points (see Figure 6.5). The selection of these

equipments is determined by their availability, and the availability of other

facilities such as electricity, a screen and the speakerÊs skill in handling them

effectively. It is of no use if the speaker prepares wonderful power-points but is

not skillful in incorporating them in his presentation. The AVA will not only fail

to assist the speaker but in fact, may ruin his presentation. Sometimes, AVA that

is too attractive and fascinating will compete with the speaker to get centre stage.

Consequently, the audienceÊs minds are focused on the AVA and the speaker is

left speaking alone.

Accordingly, regardless of whatever type of AVA is being used in the

presentation, the main functions are to assist and facilitate the speaker in getting

his message across to the audience. As the old saying goes, a picture is worth a

thousand words. Hence, showing a picture will help the audience to create vivid

imagery in their minds without having to describe the message with words.

Nevertheless, the speaker needs to practice how to incorporate these AVA in his

presentation so that he will get the best out of them.

6.6

ACTIVITY 6.3

1. Why do you need to use a microphone in your presentation?

2. Explain how to use a microphone effectively.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

 57

Figure 6.5 A speaker is using one of the AVA in delivering his speech

HANDLING QUESTIONS

Most speech presentations, especially informative speeches, are followed by a

question and answer (Q&A) session. This session is held in order to provide

opportunities for the audience to seek clarification, to give comments or to air

their opinions on matters pertaining to the subject matter presented. Some

speakers are quite nervous in conducting this session since they regard this

session as yielding opportunities for the audience to attack them. Nonetheless, if

the speaker is well prepared, masters the topic well and knows how to handle

questions, this session is very beneficial to the audience.

First of all, the speaker must listen carefully to the questions directed to him. If

possible, note down the questions on a piece of paper. Never depend on your

ability to memorise the questions, especially when the moderator allows a few

6.7

ACTIVITY 6.4

1. What are the factors that need to be considered in using AVA?

2. Organise the AVA for your presentation based on the topic

that you have prepared in the previous activities.

5 8 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

questions to be accumulated before handing the session over to you to answer.

Try to understand the question, that is, what the member of the audience is

asking and wants to know. Repeat the question if you are unsure.

If you do not understand the question, get the person who asked it to explain

what he means. If the question is too long, divide it into several parts and deal

with them one by one. If possible, relate the answers with your main ideas in the

speech presentation. If the member of the audience is stating his opinion instead

of asking a question, it is your prerogative whether to respond or not. If you

choose to respond, state your stand whether you agree or disagree with the

opinion. If they give you comments, appreciate the comments. If the comments

are true, admit them. If otherwise, explain where the comments are invalid and

unacceptable. If you do not know the answer to some of the questions, admit

your inability to answer. Normally the audience will appreciate your sincerity.

Practice is an inevitable part of speech presentation.

Voice control is a skill that needs to be developed by public speakers.

There are six elements of voice control that a speaker should consider when

delivering a speech: (a) volume, (b) pitch, (c) rate, (d) pauses, (e)

pronunciation, and (f) repetition.

Body language is vital in public speaking since it helps in imparting the

message to the audience.

There are six aspects of body language that a speaker should consider when

delivering a speech: (a) appearance, (b) movements, (c) gestures, (d) posture,

(e) facial expressions, and (f) the use of rostrum.

ACTIVITY 6.5

1. Why is the Q&A session important in public speaking?

2. Predict some questions that might arise from your speech that

you are working on. Write down the questions. Try to respond

to each of them.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

 59

A good speaker presents his speech from the note cards, not a manuscript or

texts.

A microphone, along with a good PA system is of a great help if used

effectively in a speech.

AVA will assist speakers to get their message across.

The Q&A session is an opportunity for the speaker to explain his main ideas

further to the audience.

Audio-visual aids

Body language

Gestures

Loudness

Microphone

Note cards

Pause

Pitch

Posture

Practice

Pronunciation

Pseudo-audience

Public announcement system

Question and answer session

Repetition

Speech rate

Voice control

Volume

Abdul Mua'ti @ Zamri Ahmad. (2008). Panduan pengucapan awam. Edisi kedua.

Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Gibson, J.W. (2004). Speech communication: Fundamentals and practice. 9th. ed.

Englewood Cliffs : Prentice Hall.

Lucas, S.E. (2005). The art of public speaking. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

6 0 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

Phillips, G.M. (2005). Speaking in public and private. Indianapolis: Bobs-Merill

Educational Publishing.

Walter, O.M and Scott R.L. (2003). Thinking and speaking: A guide to intelligent

oral communication. 8th. ed. New York: Mac Millan Publishing.

ABCR1103-T6-8

TOPIC 6

INTRODUCTION

You have spent much time in gathering the important information and organising them in a pattern deemed most appropriate to be delivered to your listeners. Additionally, to help the audience follow your thoughts, you have also prepared some audio-visual aids to be used in your presentation. The big day is drawing nearer and you start to be worried. What should you do? The remaining several days should be used to practice your presentation. As the wise saying goes „Practice makes perfect‰; you should systematically plan your rehearsal. So, how do you go about it?

Topic

6

Delivering a

Speech

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. Identify the effective ways of practicing a speech delivery prior to

actual presentation;

2. Explain vital elements in voice control in speech making;

3. Identify and use appropriate body language in speech making;

4. Present a speech effectively; and

5. Identify and use a public announcement system and audio-visual

aids effectively in a speech presentation.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

---

 47

PRACTICE

Practice is essential in every performance, including stage performances such as

singing, dancing, and playing musical instruments, sports performances, and

also public speaking. Unfortunately, many speakers do not practice their

presentation prior to the actual delivery. This makes their speeches less than

perfect with blunders here and there. Small mistakes sometimes are not

noticeable by the audience, but bigger ones will spoil the presentation. If the

speaker himself is unsure of his words, how is he going to convince the

audience? Therefore, it is imperative for the speaker to make himself familiar

with his substance, organisation and presentation approaches before sharing it

with the audience. The only way to be familiar with his speech is to practice it.

The more he practices, the more confident he will feel.

A speaker who wants to deliver a perfect speech must seriously practice the

presentation several times prior to the actual day. The question is how frequent

must he practice? Some say between three and six times is sufficient. If it is fewer

than three times, the speaker will not be able to identify his weaknesses. If more

than six times, the speaker will be over confident. Thus, in short, one should keep

on practicing until he feels comfortable with his presentation and makes a very

limited number of small mistakes that are unnoticeable by the audience.

What is the correct way to practice? It is suggested that while practicing, try to

memorise the ideas, not the text of your speech. The biggest mistake made by

most novice speakers is trying to remember everything that they wrote in the

speech text, word for word. And this is not an easy task.

Then, prepare note cards to for every idea memorised. The speaker must practice

using the same note cards that he is going to use in the actual delivery. Do not

make mistakes by using manuscript while practicing and then replacing them

with note cards in the actual delivery. This will create a lot of problem since the

speaker is not familiar with the note cards. Thus, use the same note cards, while

practicing and in the actual delivery.

Push yourself through your words, starting from your practice sessions. This will

make your expressions more meaningful and livelier, and not merely reading out

something from a newspaper to your audience. By pushing through your words,

you will be more enthusiastic in your presentation and this will produce natural

voice control and meaningful body movements.

Obviously, a speaker does not need any special practice for his body language.

This is because body movements should come naturally as a result of his

enthusiasm and understanding of his own words. Premeditated body

6.1

4 8 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

movements are unnatural and fake. If possible, record your practice sessions. The

best is to use a video recorder but if this is unavailable, audio recording is the

second choice. After your delivery, play back your recorded sessions and criticise

yourself. This will help you to identify your strong points and also your mistakes

that need swift attention. Another alternative is to practice in front of a pseudo

audience. Pseudo audiences are those who will not be attending your actual

presentation as the audience. Hence, your close friends, spouse, and committee

members can serve as a pseudo audience. Get them to attend your practice

sessions, observe your presentation and give some comments, focusing on your

strengths and weaknesses. Some speakers even practice in front of a big mirror in

order to see their own presentation.

Finally, time yourself while practicing. Be sure you are able to conclude your

speech in an allotted time. Do not exceed the time allocated to you and

conversely do not finish too soon. If you far exceed the time limit, try to cut short

some elaborations, merge some points, or reduce the number of your sub points.

If you finish your presentation too early, perhaps your information is insufficient.

You would need to search for more information, add more examples, or

elaborate more of your points.

PREPARING NOTE CARDS

It has been mentioned earlier that a speaker should use note cards, not texts in

his presentations. In addition, the speaker should familiarise himself with the

note cards while practicing his speeches. The same cards must be use in the

actual speech presentation. Why do we recommend cards instead of sheets of

paper? The obvious reason is that cards are easier to manage. They are heavier

than paper and are not easily blown off by the wind if you are to present your

speech in a hall equipped only with fans. Additionally, cards can be handled in

one hand even though there is no rostrum prepared for you, while the other

hand can be used for gestures.

6.2

ACTIVITY 6.1

1. Why is it important to practice your speech before the actual

event?

2. Explain steps to be considered in practicing your speech.

3. Practice the presentation of the speech that you have planned

in the previous activities.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

---

 49

Figure 6.1: Example of note cards

How do these note cards look like? What is the correct size of the cards? A

speaker can choose either to use a stack of 5‰ X 7‰ or 3‰ X 5‰ cards. Nonetheless,

5‰ X 7‰ cards are more recommended since you do not have to cramp everything

on one small space. You can write bigger in bigger font on the cards and this will

make your writing more visible and easier to read even if you have to stand and

deliver from a dim corner of a stage.

What should be written on the cards? Avoid using note cards to replicate your

speech texts. That is to say, do not write too many things on one page of your

card. Remember, psychologically the more you write, the more you tend to read.

Eventually, your speech will no more be extemporaneous, as you will be reading

from your small texts. Therefore, only write your main ideas and sub-points on

your note cards. Be sure your writing is big and clear enough so that they are

readable. Besides that, your cards can also contain some important facts and

quotations that need accuracy. It is recommended that you use one card for one

main idea. Thus, if you have four main ideas to be shared with your audience,

you need to prepare and use four note cards. Do not clutter your cards by writing

too many things on it. This will make it difficult to be read. Arrange these cards

according to the main ideas. It is better to number the cards. While delivering

your speech refer to your cards occasionally. At any rate, do not rely too much on

the cards. Figure 6.1 shows the example of note cards.

These cards should be placed on the rostrum. If possible do not hold the cards in

your hands unless there is no rostrum provided.

5 0 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

CONTROLLING YOUR VOICE

Your voice is an important asset for you as a public speaker and a speakersÊ voice

needs to be controlled in order to make his meanings precise.

There are six elements in voice control that need to be mastered by public

speakers. The elements are shown in Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2: Voice control elements

The explanations are as follows:

(a) Volume

A good speaker must speak loud and clear enough so that every one in the

audience can hear him. Nonetheless, speaking loudly does not mean

shouting at the audience. Shouting at the audience will only irritate them.

Thus, if you are facing a big crowd, use the public announcement system

effectively. At any rate, a speaker can learn to use a correct level of volume

through practice.

6.3

ACTIVITY 6.2

1. Prepare your own note cards for the speech that you have

planned in the previous activities.

2. Use these note cards in you practice.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

---

 51

(b) Pitch

Some people refer to pitch as intonation. In speech making, intonation is

very important as it stresses the important parts of the message. Speakers

normally increase their pitch to stress a point. This will create effects on the

audience. Thus, it functions like a bolded word or phrase in written

sentences. Nothing creates boredom more than a monotonous speech.

Therefore, try to use a variety of pitch levels while delivering your points.

This skill definitely needs some training.

(c) Rate

Every language and dialect has its own proper rate of speech. The speech

rate of American English for instance is about 120 words per minute

whereas French is about 140 words per minute. Standard Malay language is

spoken at about 130 words per minute. Nonetheless, this speech rate is

influenced by the mother tongue dialect of the speaker. For example,

Tamils who are used to speaking Tamil at a higher speech rate will also

increase the rate when they speak Malay. A Kelantanese whose dialect is

slower than the standard Malay will speak Malay at a lower rate. However,

an effective speaker will use a variety of speech rates while making his

points. Similar to pitch, different ranges in speech rate will increase the

effectiveness of the speech. Speakers normally embark on their delivery by

using a slower rate, and speeding up a little bit to stress a point. The

speaker later reduces his rate to gather attention and subsequently speeds

up again to stress the next important point. This will go on until the end of

the speech. Similar to other talents, this skill needs training and exposure.

(d) Pauses

Pauses refer to the short breaks in between words, similar to a comma in

written sentences. At times, speakers need to pause to seek an appropriate

word to be said next. Pauses can also help the audience to grasp the

utterances of the speaker. At any rate, the speaker must be aware that

pausing at a wrong place will spoil the sentence, blight the meaning and

thus, fail to get the message across. On the other hand, pauses when used at

appropriate places, will allow the audience to follow ideas easily.

(e) Repetition

Repetition is one of the most popular rhetorical techniques used by most

speakers. Some speakers repeat the same word or phrase several times, yet

some prefer to repeat the word with its synonym. The purpose is to

emphasise the words and to establish cadence. This will consequently

increase the effectiveness of the presentation.

5 2 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

(f) Pronunciation

Pronunciation refers to the correct way of uttering a particular term or

word. It is imperative for a speaker to articulate his words correctly.

Improper or incorrect pronunciation of certain words in a speech will lead

to confusion since the audience may assign different meanings to the

words. Thus, the speaker must learn and practice to pronounce the words

as accurately as possible in order to avoid misunderstanding.

BODY LANGUAGE

Besides voice, body language is another important factor that determines the

success of speech delivery. Sometimes, even before the speaker opens his mouth

to speak, the way he behaves in the function has already ÂsaidÊ something to the

audience. Figure 6.3 below illustrates some aspects of body language that you, as

a speaker, should consider while delivering your speech.

Figure 6.3: Body language in delivering speech

6.4

SELF-CHECK 6.1

1. List all the six elements of voice in speech making.

2. Why is it important for a speaker to control his voice in a

speech presentation?

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

---

 53

The explanations are as follows:

(a) Appearance

„Appearance‰ refers to a few things. One of it is your arrival time. A

speaker must be punctual. He should never be late for his speaking

engagement. In fact a speaker should reach the venue at least 15 minutes

ahead of the scheduled time for him to speak. This will give him ample

time to catch his breath, rearrange his note cards, check and recheck the

microphone and audio-visual equipments, and focus his thoughts. A

speaker who arrives late will make the audience wait in vain and

consequently lose their interest in the subject matter. Worse still if the

speaker is invited to talk about time management! No one will listen to him.

Another thing under „appearance‰ is the speakerÊs attire. The speaker must

wear proper clothes that are suitable for the function. Suitability here is

gauged from two perspectives: colour and pattern. Both must be

conservative. Apparently, the colour and the pattern of the speakerÊs

clothes cannot be too striking as this will distract the audienceÊs attention.

(b) Movements

The way the speaker approaches and departs from the speaking position or

rostrum is also important. A speaker should walk confidently towards the

speaking position after he has been invited to deliver the speech. Audience

evaluation towards the speaker starts once the host mention his name. The

audience will observe every step that the speaker takes, from his seat to the

speaking position. Once the speaker finishes his speaking task, he should

walk confidently back to his seat. The audienceÊs evaluation on the speaker

does not end until he gets back to his seat. Thus, a clumsy, inelegant,

panicky, or even an Âover confidentÊ speaker will turn the audience off.

(c) Posture

Next is the speakerÊs posture. The speaker must stand up straight while

delivering his speech. By standing up straight, the speaker looks more

serious in his words and also it will be easier for him to control his voice.

Just imagine a speaker who is leaning onto the lectern while delivering an

important topic. Will you believe him?

(d) Gestures

The speakerÊs hand movements must be coordinated to support his

message. Avoid meaningless gestures. Obviously any hand movements

before your audience must be accurately coordinated to enhance the

meanings of spoken words. Thus, the gestures must be natural, not faked.

Of course, not every word uttered must be supported with gestures.

5 4 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

Gestures are only needed occasionally, on a specific word or phrase to

establish emphasis. If gestures are not necessary, rest both hands on the

lectern.

(e) Facial Expression

Our face is in fact the only part of the body that can portray 33 types of

feelings. Sadness, surprise, love, hate, dislike, disappointment, etc. can only

be depicted by our face. Therefore, if we want the audience to really

understand our message, we need to use our face to amplify the meanings

of our words. Nonetheless, facial expression must be natural. It should be

the product of the speakerÊs passionate endeavour to share the message

with the audience. Never contradict the facial expressions with the spoken

words. This will only leave the audience puzzled.

Since eye contact is part of the facial espression, it is vital in communication

as it tells the audience how confident the speaker is. Speakers who are not

confident will find it hard to convince the audience. Therefore, eye contact

must be established and maintained throughout the entire speech. The

speaker should look at the audience on the right, on the left, in the front

and the back rows. Make the eye contact balanced and not skewed to only

one direction. Let everyone in the audience feel that the speaker is directing

the message at him.

(f) The Use of the Rostrum

The rostrum or lectern is actually a place for speakers to put his note cards

and to rest their hands whenever gestures are not necessary. Never abuse

the rostrum by leaning onto it or even banging it.

USING THE MICROPHONE

The public announcement (PA) system is an essential tool for speakers, especially

before a big crowd or audience. This is particularly true when the speaker needs

to present his speeches in venues with poor acoustics. The system basically

consists of a microphone(s), an amplifier, and speaker(s) (refer to Figure 6.4).

6.5 SELF-CHECK 6.2

1. Explain the importance of body language in public speaking.

2. Elaborate on the six main aspects in body language.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

---

 55

Figure 6.4: A complete PA system helps in delivering a speech better

There are a few things that need to be understood by speakers when dealing with

the device. Firstly, the speaker must know how to switch on the microphone. The

microphone comes in different models and designs. Some have an on/off switch

on the body and some without. Some come with cables and some are wireless.

Anyhow, as a speaker you need to know whether the microphone is ready to be

used. How do you do this? Never tap or knock the microphone. A trained

speaker will only puff the microphone to make sure it is working well.

Additionally, a speaker must also know how to adjust the volume of the PA

system. The adjustment knob is at the amplifier. The suitable level of the volume

depends on the loudness of the speakerÊs voice, the size of the audience, the size

of the hall or room, the acoustics of the venue, how much noise surrounding the

place, etc. Normally, at important functions, there will be a technician on standby

to assist a speaker. Otherwise you can get the master of ceremonies to help

you with the adjustment. At any rate, a wrongly adjusted volume level will

annoy the audience and thus, interrupt the transfer of meaning between the

speaker and the audience.

Besides that, the speaker must also know how to adjust the height of the

microphone to suit his height. The height of the microphone must always be

below the speakerÊs chin with the tip of the microphone always pointing to the

speakerÊs mouth. This will make it easier for the speaker to speak into the

microphone. Furthermore, the speaker must also adjust the distance between his

mouth and the microphone. The proper distance is approximately six inches.

Never get too close or too far from the microphone. Otherwise, the device will

not function well and this defeats the purpose of using it.

5 6 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

USING AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

Another important tool in speech presentations are the audio-visual aids. In short,

audio-visual aids (AVA) are simply anything that you use in your presentation in

order for you to make your points easier to be imparted to the audience. Since

these equipments are supposed to assist you in your presentation, they should be

used occasionally and should never substitute you as the main presenter. Bear in

mind that the use of AVA is not compulsory. The need to use AVA depends very

much on the topic, the audience and the situation.

The most popular AVA used in public speaking are overhead projectors (OHP)

and transparencies, white boards, flip charts, slide projectors, posters,

photographs, audio compact discs, video compact discs, real objects, models, cut

away view models and power-points (see Figure 6.5). The selection of these

equipments is determined by their availability, and the availability of other

facilities such as electricity, a screen and the speakerÊs skill in handling them

effectively. It is of no use if the speaker prepares wonderful power-points but is

not skillful in incorporating them in his presentation. The AVA will not only fail

to assist the speaker but in fact, may ruin his presentation. Sometimes, AVA that

is too attractive and fascinating will compete with the speaker to get centre stage.

Consequently, the audienceÊs minds are focused on the AVA and the speaker is

left speaking alone.

Accordingly, regardless of whatever type of AVA is being used in the

presentation, the main functions are to assist and facilitate the speaker in getting

his message across to the audience. As the old saying goes, a picture is worth a

thousand words. Hence, showing a picture will help the audience to create vivid

imagery in their minds without having to describe the message with words.

Nevertheless, the speaker needs to practice how to incorporate these AVA in his

presentation so that he will get the best out of them.

6.6

ACTIVITY 6.3

1. Why do you need to use a microphone in your presentation?

2. Explain how to use a microphone effectively.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

---

Figure 6.5 A speaker is using one of the AVA in delivering his speech

HANDLING QUESTIONS

Most speech presentations, especially informative speeches, are followed by a

question and answer (Q&A) session. This session is held in order to provide

opportunities for the audience to seek clarification, to give comments or to air

their opinions on matters pertaining to the subject matter presented. Some

speakers are quite nervous in conducting this session since they regard this

session as yielding opportunities for the audience to attack them. Nonetheless, if

the speaker is well prepared, masters the topic well and knows how to handle

questions, this session is very beneficial to the audience.

First of all, the speaker must listen carefully to the questions directed to him. If

possible, note down the questions on a piece of paper. Never depend on your

ability to memorise the questions, especially when the moderator allows a few

ACTIVITY 6.4

1. What are the factors that need to be considered in using AVA?

2. Organise the AVA for your presentation based on the topic

that you have prepared in the previous activities.

5 8 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

questions to be accumulated before handing the session over to you to answer.

Try to understand the question, that is, what the member of the audience is

asking and wants to know. Repeat the question if you are unsure.

If you do not understand the question, get the person who asked it to explain

what he means. If the question is too long, divide it into several parts and deal

with them one by one. If possible, relate the answers with your main ideas in the

speech presentation. If the member of the audience is stating his opinion instead

of asking a question, it is your prerogative whether to respond or not. If you

choose to respond, state your stand whether you agree or disagree with the

opinion. If they give you comments, appreciate the comments. If the comments

are true, admit them. If otherwise, explain where the comments are invalid and

unacceptable. If you do not know the answer to some of the questions, admit

your inability to answer. Normally the audience will appreciate your sincerity.

Practice is an inevitable part of speech presentation.

Voice control is a skill that needs to be developed by public speakers.

There are six elements of voice control that a speaker should consider when

delivering a speech: (a) volume, (b) pitch, (c) rate, (d) pauses, (e)

pronunciation, and (f) repetition.

Body language is vital in public speaking since it helps in imparting the

message to the audience.

There are six aspects of body language that a speaker should consider when

delivering a speech: (a) appearance, (b) movements, (c) gestures, (d) posture,

(e) facial expressions, and (f) the use of rostrum.

ACTIVITY 6.5

1. Why is the Q&A session important in public speaking?

2. Predict some questions that might arise from your speech that

you are working on. Write down the questions. Try to respond

to each of them.

TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

---

 59

A good speaker presents his speech from the note cards, not a manuscript or

texts.

A microphone, along with a good PA system is of a great help if used

effectively in a speech.

AVA will assist speakers to get their message across.

The Q&A session is an opportunity for the speaker to explain his main ideas

further to the audience.

Audio-visual aids

Body language

Gestures

Loudness

Microphone

Note cards

Pause

Pitch

Posture

Practice

Pronunciation

Pseudo-audience

Public announcement system

Question and answer session

Repetition

Speech rate

Voice control

Volume

Abdul Mua'ti @ Zamri Ahmad. (2008). Panduan pengucapan awam. Edisi kedua.

Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Gibson, J.W. (2004). Speech communication: Fundamentals and practice. 9th. ed.

Englewood Cliffs : Prentice Hall.

Lucas, S.E. (2005). The art of public speaking. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

6 0 TOPIC 6 DELIVERING A SPEECH

Phillips, G.M. (2005). Speaking in public and private. Indianapolis: Bobs-Merill

Educational Publishing.

Walter, O.M and Scott R.L. (2003). Thinking and speaking: A guide to intelligent

oral communication. 8th. ed. New York: Mac Millan Publishing.

TOPIC 7

INTRODUCTION

Besides speaking to inform, there are occasions when we need to go beyond

merely giving information to persuading our audience so that they will change

their beliefs, attitudes or actions over certain issues or developments. This kind of

speech requires a different approach in order to create the desired outcomes.

These speeches are called persuasive speeches.

DEFINING A PERSUASIVE SPEECH

As stated earlier in this module, a persuasive speech is a speech presented with

the intention to influence the audience. In other words, the aim of these speeches

is to change the audience. Normally, there are three types of changes targeted by

speakers delivering persuasive speeches:

(a) Changes in beliefs;

(b) Changes in attitudes; and

(c) Changes in actions or behaviours.

7.1

Topic

7

Persuasive

Speeches

ACTIVITY .1

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this topic you should be able to:

1. Differentiate between persuasive and informative speeches,

2. Explain methods of organising materials based on a persuasive

speech structure, and

3. Identify effective techniques of delivering a persuasive speech.

6 2 TOPIC 7 PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

Some speakers attempt to focus on only one type of change at a time, but there

are instances where speakers try to combine a few types of changes at one go. It

goes without saying that, it is more challenging to convince an audience to

change a few things in one single speech. As a matter of fact, it is much easier to

change someoneÊs belief than his attitude. Similarly, changing an attitude is

easier than changing a behaviour or soliciting action. At any rate, any effort to

change people needs consistency. Thus, it is too ambitious to change an audience

through only one speech. Sometimes, even after listening to a series of speeches,

an audience may still not be convinced to change what they believe in. What

more if we try to change their attitudes and behaviours. These changes demand

more meticulous approaches, taking into consideration the receiversÊ

psychological and sociological factors.

Among examples of persuasive speeches are those delivered during political

campaigns, buy local products campaigns, quit smoking campaigns, anti-drug

abuse campaigns, road safety campaigns, cleanliness campaigns, blood donation

campaigns, etc. Please note that in these campaigns, the speaker aims to change

either the audiencesÊ belief, attitude, or behaviour, or even all three. For example,

in a quit smoking campaign, the speakerÊs intention is to make the audience

believe that smoking is bad for their health. So, the speaker tries to change the

audiencesÊ beliefs from thinking that smoking is harmless to being convinced

that smoking is downright hazardous. Subsequently, the speaker will advance a

step further by attempting to change the audiencesÊ attitude from being fond of

cigarettes to dislike or total aversion. Finally, the speaker will move to the last

step, that is, to change the audiencesÊ behaviour or action, and make them stop

smoking altogether. Nevertheless, please note that it is almost impossible to

achieve the objectives of bringing these changes amongst the audience through

only one single speech.

Obviously, persuasive speeches are one notch harder than informative speeches. In

an informative speech, the objective of the speaker is only to inform the audience

of his subject matter but in a persuasive speech, the speaker does not only inform

but also tries to influence the audience so that they come to an agreement with his

proposal. Besides the examples provided earlier, speeches to inspire, to motivate

and to create awareness are all considered as persuasive speeches. And even sales

speeches, speeches presented in order to influence people to buy certain products

or services are also regarded as from the same category.

ACTIVITY 7.1

Identify a persuasive speech that you have heard before. What do

you think is the objective of the speaker?

TOPIC 7 PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

---

 63

PERSUASIVE SPEECH FORMAT

There are a few formats that are normally used in structuring a persuasive

speech as shown in Figure 7.1.

Figure 7.1: Persuasive speech formats

The explanations are as follows.

(a) Motivated Sequence Format

In this format, the speech materials are organised based on the motivated

sequence (by Allan H. Monroe). This format is suitable for motivational

speeches, sales pitches, and certain social action campaigns. The format is

shown in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1: Motivated Sequence Format of Persuasive Speech

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Greetings

2. Salutations

3. Attention getter

II. BODY

1. Needs or significant problem(s)

2. Proposal of possible solution(s)

III. CONCLUSION

1. Visualisation of success by adopting the proposal

2. Audience to adopt the proposal

7.2

6 4 TOPIC 7 PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

Please note that in this format, especially in the body of, the speech, the

speaker needs to make his audience feel the need or the problem. Bear in

mind that people will not change until they see the need for them to change.

Thus, the speaker must make the audience realise and admit that they are

facing a problem that needs to be solved or experiencing a need that has to be

filled. This vital part of a persuasive speech must be planned and presented

as clearly as possible, and if necessary, by using audio-visual aids. A

combination of emotional and logical appeals is to be recommended for this.

Once the audience realises the problem they are facing or the needs they are

having, the speaker must now offer them his proposal on how to solve or

satisfy the problem or need. The proposal suggested must be presented in

detail and arranged systematically in order to avoid any ambiguity and

doubt. As a result, the audience will be attracted to consider the proposal.

Incomplete, vague, and illogical proposals will definitely be rejected by the

audience.

Next, in the conclusion, the speaker must play with the audienceÊ

imagination by getting them to visualise the benefits and positive outcomes

of adopting his proposal. These benefits and outcomes must be inline with

the audiencesÊ values. Thus, it is imperative for the speaker to understand

and take into consideration his audiencesÊ sentiments and emotional states.

Values such as dignity, love, happiness, etc. can easily touch their hearts.

Finally, the speaker needs to motivate the audience to adopt his/her

proposal through appeals, challenges, enticements, etc. suitable with the

mood of the presentation and the issue at hand.

(b) Negative-positive Format

This format (see Table 7.2) is not only suitable for sales pitches and

speeches to create awareness, it is also good in situations where the

audience is more educated and are able to contemplate and think deeply

before making a decision.

TOPIC 7 PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

---

 65

Table 7.2: Negative-positive Format of Persuasive Speech

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Greetings

2. Salutations

3. Attention getter

II. BODY

1. Weaknesses or shortcomings of the issue

2. Strengths or positives of the issue

III. CONCLUSION

1. Motivate audience to adopt the proposal since

the positives outweigh the shortcomings

Through this format, especially in the body of the speech, the speaker

initially presents all the negatives or shortcomings of the issue. Then the

speaker will proceed to discuss the strengths or the positives of his

proposal. Finally, the speaker will motivate the audience to adopt the

proposal after they can see that the strengths or positives outweigh the

shortcomings.

For example, in a speech to persuade mothers to breastfeed their babies, the

speaker tries to persuade his audience to adopt his proposal to practice

breastfeeding. Thus, in the first part of the speech, the speaker provides his

audience with all the disadvantages of feeding babies with formula milk.

For instance, it is costly to buy formula milk, it is difficult to ensure

cleanliness during the preparation, its lack of nutrients as compared to

mothersÊ milk, etc.

Subsequently, the speaker provides the audience with information on the

benefits of using mothersÊ milk. For instance, its richness in nutrients,

vitamins, and colostrum contents required by babies, its cleanliness, its

compatibility in terms of temperature, its ability to foster a close

psychological and emotional relationship between mother and baby, its

ability to act as natural contraceptive, etc.

Lastly, after the audience have been presented with the facts and are made

to know that the strengths outweigh the disadvantages, the speaker must

motivate the audience to adopt his proposal to practice breastfeeding.

6 6 TOPIC 7 PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

(c) ÂYesterday-today-tomorrowÊ Format.

In this structure, the speaker will take the audience back in time, to visit the

past. Then the speaker will bring the audience back to the current setting.

Lastly, the speaker will try to project what will happen in the future. While

the audience is captivated in the time adventure, the speaker will motivate

them to adopt his proposal.

This particular format is suitable for speeches delivered in order to create

awareness or inspire the audience to take certain action. The format is

shown in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3: ÂYesterday-today-tomorrowÊ Format of Persuasive Speech

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Greetings.

2. Salutations.

3. Attention getter.

II. BODY

1. The situation in the past.

2. Current developments.

3. Projection for the future.

III. CONCLUSION

1. Motivate audience to adopt proposal in order for

the future projection to take place.

For example, the speaker wants to create awareness on the importance of

inculcating patriotism amongst the youths. Firstly, in the body of the

speech the speaker will bring the audience back to the colonial era when the

country was ruled by foreign powers. The speaker will highlight the hard

lives experienced by the people, and how the people suffered from losing

everything that they had including their dignity and self-esteem. The

speaker also revealed the misery faced by those who fought for the freedom

and independence of our country.

Then the speaker brings the audience back to the current situation. The

speaker stresses on the easy lives of todayÊs youths. The speaker also

discusses the meanings of freedom from colonisation to the youths and

how the youths today appreciate independence.

Finally, the speaker tries to help the audience to visualise how meaningless

independence will be if todayÊs youths fail to appreciate it and work hard to

fulfil the demands of self-government. The speaker stresses that carelessness,

TOPIC 7 PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

---

 67

lack of patriotism and unwillingness to sacrifice to defend the country from

threats, be it political or economic will lead to the country being reoccupied

again in the near future.

DELIVERING A PERSUASIVE SPEECH

Unlike an informative speech, a persuasive speech requires a different method of

presentation. This is due to its main objective to create effects in the audienceÊs

minds that consequently move them to change their beliefs, attitudes or actions.

At least three elements need to be given special attention by persuasive speakers in

order to make their speeches effective. The three elements are shown in Figure 7.2.

Figure 7.2: Elements in delivering persuasive speech

7.3

ACTIVITY 7.2

1. Choose a type of persuasive speech to be presented to your

audience.

2. Develop your speech structure based on one of the formats

discussed.

3. Search for your materials and prepare your AVA if necessary.

6 8 TOPIC 7 PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

(a) Effective Voice Control

One of the strengths a persuasive speaker needs is the ability to control his

voice. A speakerÊs ability to vary his intonation will touch the audienceÊs

hearts besides being able to manipulate certain emotions. Undeniably this

ability requires a certain amount of exposure and training.

(b) Fluency in Language Use or Style

The speakerÊs ability to choose and use appropriate words and terminology

is vital in persuasive speeches. These words are able to touch the audiencesÊ

hearts as well as convey accurate meanings intended by the speaker.

Furthermore, the speakerÊs ability to employ certain rhetorical techniques

well, is always an advantage.

(c) Effective Use of Audio-visual Aids

The used of audio-visual aids for certain topics will boost the effectiveness of

a presentation. This is due to the capability of the equipment to stimulate the

audiencesÊ various senses. Not only are the audience able to listen to the

speakerÊs words but they also are able to see with their own eyes, smell or

even touch with their hands. As a result, the speakers are able to create vivid

imagery in the audiencesÊ minds of the issue being discussed. This will

eventually lead to the audienceÊs willingness to adopt the speakerÊs proposal.

A persuasive speech is a speech presented in order to change the audienceÊs

beliefs, attitudes and actions.

A persuasive speech has a totally different format from the informative speech.

There are three formats normally used in structuring persuasive speeches: a)

motivated sequence format, b) negative-positive format, and c) Âyesterdaytoday-

tomorrowÊ format.

Persuasive speeches require different presentation approaches since it is vital

for speakers to create vivid imagery in the audiencesÊ minds.

ACTIVITY 7.3

1. Practice your persuasive speech presentation.

2. Present your persuasive speech before your class. Get your

audience to comment. Are they persuaded?

TOPIC 7 PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

---

 69

There are three important elements to consider while delivering a persuasive

speech: a) effective voice control, b) effective use of AVAs, and c) fliency in

language or style.

AVAÊs are necessary to be used for certain topics to help create the effects.

Actions

Attitudes

Beliefs

Inspirational

Motivated sequence

Motivational

Negative-positive format

Persuasive

Rhetorical techniques

Vivid imagery

ÂYesterday-today-tomorrowÊ format

Abdul Mua'ti @ Zamri Ahmad. (2008). Panduan pengucapan awam. Edisi kedua.

Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Gibson, J.W. (2004). Speech Communication: Fundamentals and practice. 9th. ed.

Englewood Cliffs : Prentice Hall.

Lucas, S.E. (2005). The art of public speaking. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Phillips, G.M. (2005). Speaking in public and private. Indianapolis: Bobs-Merill

Educational Publishing.

Walter, O.M and Scott R.L. (2003). Thinking and speaking: A guide to intelligent

oral communication. 8th. ed. New York: Mac Millan Publishing.

TOPIC 8

INTRODUCTION

It is normal practice in formal and non-formal organisations to host functions. These

functions are held to serve various purposes pertaining to the nature of the

organisation. In holding these functions, information is disseminated through

speeches. These speeches are unique in the sense that they are structured to address

the objective of the functions. Some examples of speeches delivered at these

functions are speeches by the chairman of the event (usually called the chairmanÊs

remarks), speeches to introduce a speaker, speeches to present an award, speeches of

acceptance by recipients and speeches to officiate formal functions.

Topic

8

Special

Occasion

Speeches

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. Identify the effective ways of preparing speeches for different

occasions;

2. Differentiate between the structures for special occasion speeches

and informative and persuasive speeches; and

3. Arrange materials to form a speech structure suitable for a

particular occasion.

TOPIC 8 SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES

---

 71

CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS

This speech is very common in formal and informal functions. This is because in

whatever type of functions, there must be a person who leads the event, called

chairman of the occasion. He is the one who is instrumental in organising the

event, according to the planned programme, from beginning to end. To begin the

function, the chairman must first present a brief speech. This speech must be very

brief, just to get the ball rolling. The format of this speech is shown in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1: Format of ChairmanÊs Remarks

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Greetings

2. Salutations

3. Attention getter (optional)

II. BODY

1. Welcome guests and audience

2. Introduce the function

a. The name of the function

b. Theme (if any)

c. Objective of the function / expectations

d. Procedure of the function

III. COMMENCEMENT

Introduce and invite the session moderator or presenter

_________________________________________________

IV. CONCLUSION

1. Gratitude

2. Emphasis on the expectations of the function

3. Other announcements (if any)

4. Adjournment

Please note that in the speeches of the chairman of the function, there is a section

called commencement. In this section, the chairman introduces and officially

invites the speaker to the speaking position. Normally in a big and elaborate

function (normally more than one day), the events are divided into several

sessions. For instance, in an academic function such as conferences, working

paper presentations are divided into a few sessions. Each session is chaired by a

session moderator. Thus in such functions, the session moderator will be the one

responsible to introduce and invite the speakers or paper presenters to speak.

The role of the chairman is limited to merely opening the function formally

before handing over the events to the session moderator. It is expected that the

chairman introduces briefly the session moderator, for instance by providing his

8.1

7 2 TOPIC 8 SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES

name, designation and position. The session moderator will also conduct the

question-answer session and once everything is settled, will hand the

proceedings back to the chairman. The chairman will then conclude the function

and bring it to adjournment.

On the other hand, for simple occasions such as a half a day function, the

chairman will normally conduct the entire event. There is no need for session

moderators to be appointed. The chairman will start the function formally, and

then introduce and invite the speakers or paper presenters to the podium. After

the speech or the presentation, the chairman will conduct the question-answer

session and later conclude and adjourn the event.

INTRODUCING A SPEAKER

More often than not, the chairman of the events or the session moderator will

also be responsible for introducing and inviting the guest speaker or paper

presenter to the podium. In carrying out this task, the chairman or the moderator

is expected to adopt the format as shown in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2: Format of Speech to Introduce Speakers

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Greetings

2. Salutations

3. Attention getter (optional)

II. BODY

1. Why this time?

2. Why this audience?

3. Why this subject / topic?

4. Why this speaker?

III. CONCLUSION

1. Introduce and invite the speaker formally

8.2

ACTIVITY 8.1

Your organisation is conducting a two-day seminar on education.

There will be five paper presentation sessions throughout the event.

You have been identified to be the chairman of the event. Prepare a

text that you are going to read when performing your duty as the

chairman.

TOPIC 8 SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES

---

 73

Please note that in the body of the speech, the chairman should answer four

questions. Each of the questions should be answered in three or four sentences. In

responding to the first question (why this time?), the chairman should try to relate

the issue to be presented with current developments. For the second question (why

this audience?), the chairman should try to show how this issue is relevant to the

audience. Next, for the third question (why this subject or topic?), the chairman

should try to explain to the audience the significance of the issue and why this

particular issue needs to be discussed. For the final question (why this speaker?),

the chairman should briefly provide some personal information regarding the

speaker. This information should explain to the audience what qualifies the

speaker to present the topic. In other words, the chairman should put forward only

the speakerÊs personal information which is relevant to the topic.

In introducing the speaker, the chairman should try his best to set the stage. As a

matter of fact, the success of the function depends very much on the ability of the

chairman to set the stage and manage the situation. Should the chairman fail to

create the mood for the event, he may in fact be ruining the entire function.

More often than not, the chairman is also expected to do a bit of summarising or

summing up once the speaker has ended his speech. This extraction must be very

brief. In doing so, the chairman must emphasise the essence of the entire speech

and not simply reviewing it. For this purpose, the chairman should be able to use

his own words. What matters most is his ability to pick up on the core of the

issue presented and relate that to the audience.

A SPEECH TO PRESENT AN AWARD

This speech is presented in an event organised to honour someone, for example,

a best student, an exemplary worker, or an outstanding citizen, etc. The main aim

of this event is to pay tribute to the recipient. The format of this speech is shown

in Table 8.3.

8.3

ACTIVITY 8.2

You are to introduce a guest speaker invited to deliver a speech in a

function in your organisation. Prepare a text of your speech to

introduce the speaker

7 4 TOPIC 8 SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES

Table 8.3: A format of Speech to Honour Someone

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Greetings

2. Salutations

3. Attention getter (optional)

II. DISCUSSION

1. State the objectives of the award

2. Brief history of the awarding organization

3. Review past receivers (if any)

4. Brief biodata of the current receiver

5. Information on the award

III. CONCLUSION

1. Presenting the award formally

Nevertheless, a few things need to be considered. For instance, never over- praise

the recipient. In addition, do not over emphasise the value of the award. The

chairman should not mention those who almost won the award, unless there are

prizes for runners up, third position and so on. An award- giving ceremony does

not normally require humour as it is more often a formal and solemn affair.

A SPEECH ON RECEIVING AN AWARD

This type of speech is given by the award or prize recipient. The main aim of the

event is to provide an opportunity for the recipient to express his gratitude to

those who have selected him to win the award. Some recipients are very

emotional on being so fortunate to be selected, and some are speechless.

Nonetheless, bear in mind that this speech should be brief. As a guide, the format

of this speech should be as shown in Table 8.4.

8.4

ACTIVITY 8.3

Your organisation is planning to have an award giving ceremony for

excellent workers next month. You are appointed to run the entire

event. There will be three awards to be given to three recipients for

their top performance throughout 2009. Prepare your text.

TOPIC 8 SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES

---

 75

Table 8.4: A Format of Speech to Receive an Award

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Greetings

2. Salutations

II. BODY

1. Express sincere appreciation to the awarding party

2. Thank those who were instrumental in providing

their assistance and cooperation that led to the award

3. Disclose future plans with the award received

III. CONCLUSION

1. Restate briefly your appreciation/gratitude

In a very formal setting and for a very significant award, the recipient can reveal

to the audience the secret of his success or the personal qualities that earned him

the prize. Hopefully this will inspire the audience to work their way up to be the

future recipients of the prestigious award.

A SPEECH TO OFFICIATE

Pomp and ceremony are part and parcel of human civilisation, so that most

occasions call for some degree of formality and procedure. The same goes for the

opening and closing of a formal function. Normally, a distinguished guest of

honour is invited to solemnise an event officially, and along with this comes a

speech. The format of a speech to officiate an event is shown in Table 8.5.

8.5

ACTIVITY 8.4

You are selected as one of the recipients of „The excellent worker

award‰ of your organisation. The great event will be held next

week. You will be given five minutes to deliver a speech after the

award giving. Prepare the text of your speech.

7 6 TOPIC 8 SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES

Table 8.5: A Format of a Speech to Officiate

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Greetings

2. Salutations

3. Attention getter (optional)

II. BODY

1. Welcome the crowd

2. Introduce the function

a. Name of the function

b. Theme (if any)

c. Objective

d. Procedure

III. CONCLUSION

1. Expectation and prediction of the outcome of the

function

2. Formal statement of official opening

Please remember that this type of speech needs to be brief. There are speakers who

tend to take the opportunity to be long winded, or touch on matters that should be

discussed only by the paper presenters. Sometimes an entire programme needs to

be rescheduled just because the opening speech dragged on into the paper

presentation session. Bear in mind that the main aim of an opening speech is just to

solemnise the function, and is not a key note speech or a major oration.

ACTIVITY 8.5

Your general manager is invited to officiate a conference organised

by your unit. The function will be held in two weeksÊ time. You

have been directed by your immediate boss to prepare a text to be

read by your general manager during the official opening of the

event. Prepare an appropriate speech of suitable length.

TOPIC 8 SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES

---

 77

Speeches delivered at different functions require different structures.

The structure of a speech must be suited to the objective of the function.

A speech should not be long-winded but straight to point to address the

objectives of the function.

Any speech should be prepared carefully by the speaker or the speech writer.

A chairmanÊs remarks

A speech to introduce a speaker

A speech to officiate functions

A speech to present an award

An acceptance speech

Session moderator

Special occasion speeches

Abdul Mua'ti @ Zamri Ahmad. (2008). Panduan pengucapan awam. Edisi kedua.

Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Gibson, J.W. (2004). Speech communication: Fundamentals and practice. 9th. ed.

Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Lucas, S.E. (2005). The art of public speaking. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Phillips, G.M. (2005). Speaking in public and private. Indianapolis: Bobs-Merill

Educational Publishing.

Walter, O.M and Scott R.L. (2003). Thinking and speaking: A guide to intelligent

oral communication. 8th. ed. New York: Mac Millan Publishing.