14 October, 2015

2 CBBJ3203: TOPIC 7 News Gathering and Visual Narration Processes.

2 CBBJ3203 TOPIC 7 News Gathering and Visual Narration Processes.

INTRODUCTION
In this topic, we will be discussing basic guidelines in searching, gathering and
making broadcast news. Emphasis is given to the techniques of gathering that is
normally used in this field.
The concept of visual narration is one of the few concepts that need to be
understood so that you can apply it in the process of making news. Although
visual production requires knowledge and technical skills specifically from the
cameraman, yet journalists should have basic technical knowledge so that in
certain situations, journalists do not need to rely solely on the cameraman to get
the desired visuals. The ability to produce visuals can also make the news editing
processes easy.
Topic 7 News
Gathering and Visual
Narration
Processes
4. Discuss the roles of visuals in the field of broadcast journalism.
3. Identify the importance and usage of every visual to strengthen news facts; and
2. Identify the basic shots used in broadcast news;
1. Identify the important levels in the searching of and gathering of broadcast news;
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
LEARNING OUTCOMES
This topic will also discuss certain visual 􀒟 editing aspects that needs to be understood
by journalists as well as the production crew of a news broadcast programme.

7.1   PROCESS OF SEARCHING FOR NEWS
The process of searching for news has its own genealogy. Before we discuss this
subject in detail, let us look at Figure 7.1 to better understand this matter.
Figure 7.1: The process of making news and visual narration


In Figure 7.1, the genealogical process of news searching starts with the source of
news (please refer to Topic 4 to revise the sources of news). When news is
gathered from the source, the editor will assign the task to the selected journalists
to do coverage on the respective location.

Journalists who get the assignments will execute the newscast process. Usually,
journalists will undergo three stages of newscast processing. The first one is the
pre-searching the news stage, the second stage is news searching and the third
stage is the presentation. The first and the second stages will be discussed in this
topic. The presentation stage will be discussed in Topic 8.
  PRE-SEARCHING NEWS STAGE7.2  
SELF-CHECK 7.1
What should a broadcast journalist do in order to produce effective
news that fulfils the needs of listeners and viewers?
At this level, journalists have to take into consideration several aspects to get
information as well as an effective news report. The aspects mentioned are
commitment, research and reportorial editing.
7.2.1  Commitment
In broadcast reporting, visual construction and news searching starts with
commitment. In broadcast journalism, commitment has a slightly different
meaning. “Commitment” refers to a concept that identifies news in the
journalists’ mind before gathering materials for news and shooting. It can be
defined as "summarisation of statements on the contents of news, the importance
of news, what is interesting about news and what is intended to be reported".
Commitment is the scope of news discussion to be covered, which is similar to
the technique of formation in the process of news writing. It needs several
approaches to ensure the flow of news reported to conform to the requirements
of television broadcast news.
After identifying commitment, journalist and cameraman can execute the process
of searching for news. Sometimes, the outcome of the research done before
journalists go out to the location of the incident would differ from what actually
is known. In this situation, the responsibility of the journalists is to be ready to
change the commitment according to the actual incident.
Shook (1989) explains several concepts in commitment as shown in Figure 7.2.

Figure 7.2: Concepts in commitment
At this level, journalists need to prove their commitment to secure the visual.
However, what is in the journalists” mind might not happen and journalists must
always be alert to the reality of the situation. Journalists must always be ready to
change their commitments should they need to. Changes, must be made known
to the cameramen because they are the ones who get the visuals.
To test your understanding, answer the following question.
EXERCISE 7.1
What do you understand about commitment in broadcast news?
7.2.2  Research
This stage requires a broadcast journalist to do basic research on what the task is
all about. In television news broadcast, an in depth research is not needed. It is
sufficient if the journalist is confident with the job scope assigned.

Therefore, a broadcast journalist does not need to waste too much time in
research. Time is very much needed to detail out and develop a script and visual
narration in order to attract the audience’s interest to follow the news broadcast
report that you have written.
7.2.3  Reportorial Editing
Reportorial editing is a process that happens in the journalists' mind. It
comprises thoughts about the following subjects:
􀄆 What type of shot to be taken?
􀄆 What type of sound to be recorded?
􀄆 What type of question to be asked?
􀄆 What form of script to be written?
􀄆 What audio and visual combination to be used to ensure editing is done
logically and coherently?
Reportorial editing also has important concepts in broadcast journalism. It can be
considered as a storyboard in the broadcast journalists’ mind to visualise what
form of news is to be reported to the audience.

7.3   NEWS SEARCHING STAGE
SELF-CHECK 7.2
What do you think will happen if working, as a team is not
practised among the production crew of broadcast news?
At this level, broadcast journalists will be at the incident’s location (news
location). In this situation, journalists have to start the process of searching in
pursuit of their commitment. Should the commitment change, journalists have to
inform the cameramen regarding “what” are the types of shots and visuals
needed for the new commitment. Next, journalists have to produce news based
on the reportorial editing planned.
Journalists and cameramen are “best friends” who should work closely to
produce good news. Cameramen for broadcast news have to play a more
important role compared to cameramen for the printed news media. They act as
photo journalists because in certain situations, they can play their role by
providing newsworthy visuals.
However, not all cameramen are able to play the role as photo journalists because
not all of them have the knowledge of reporting and journalism. Nevertheless,
the end product of the news is formed by the team effort of both journalist and
cameraman.
Therefore, co-operation from a working team is crucial. It does not only involve
crew on the location, but every member of the working team including the editor
and producer back in the station. The work combination among every member in
the working team greatly influences the presentation and outcome of the news
produced.
During the process of news searching, the pictorial narration technique requires
journalists to realise their actual roles. Despite being the “star’ in the broadcast
news, they have to be smart and avoid being the centre of attention. They should
instead, prioritise the visuals and human activities recorded to narrate the incident.

Therefore, as a journalist, you have to remember that in broadcast news, the main
role is not only to tell “what” happens, but also to be able to ensure that the
audience feels what is happening. This is what is meant by the visual impact as
described in the visual narration before.
7.3.1  Determining the Commitment in Search of the
“Spot” News
SELF-CHECK 7.3
From your understanding, is there a difference between broadcast
news and broadcast announcement?
What is aired on television can be considered as news that is current. However,
sometimes it can be considered as merely an announcement. Thus, journalists
have to be smart in detailing news based on several tips:
(a) Shoot what happens (incident). You should be attentive to what happens.
This is important in order to convince the audience. In addition, journalists
should also face the competitors from other television stations. Thus,
journalists must record the footage or event on videotape. After the recording
session, journalists can identify "what should be reported to the audience?"
(b) Journalists have to get the source of news from the fire brigade, police, and
family members of the victims or organisation involved in the incident and
others. In this matter, journalists should get an interview to strengthen their
news report.
(c) Re-record the picture based on what has been told by the source.
(d) After getting the footage or event on a videotape, journalists can determine
the commitment. The form of broadcast news depends on "what is to be
broadcast to the audience". Is it in a packaged form with stand-upper or
any another form?

7.4   NEWS GATHERING
In television news broadcast, journalists need to have commitment to give the
best explanation to the audience so that they can follow and understand what is
broadcasted. Every journalist must always hold firm to this philosophy:
However, stable writing is not enough because broadcast journalism needs
intelligent journalists who can use visual and audio effects in presenting news.
Visual and audio effects are important to television journalists, while audio
features can show its effectiveness in radio news. In order to achieve a perfect
news presentation, there are certain steps to be taken.
As a journalist, you have to know several basic concepts in the making and
searching of news. The visual narration concept is one of the concepts that needs

to be understood so you can apply it in the making of news. The reason being
you can leave a deeper impact on the audience. It also gives a sense of
satisfaction to you as a journalist if the news presentation can deliver knowledge
and leave a deep impact on the audience.
7.4.1  Electronic News Gathering (ENG)
Technological advances are a catalyst to intensify and develop the broadcast
industry including broadcast journalism. The role of a reporter is not only to
report incidents, but also to execute social responsibility to the society.
Electronic News Gathering (ENG) is also known as Electronic Journalism (EJ)
(Boyd, 1973). It involves the application of audio visual technology.
Effective and creative broadcast news does not only produce good news writing,
but it also depends on the intelligence and co-operation between the broadcast
journalist and cameraman to combine both elements; the element of news
scriptwriting and the handling of the camera to ensure a suitable visual sequence.
Although the task of recording visuals is the main job of a cameraman,
journalists themselves must have the basic skills in using the camera in certain
circumstances to get the desired visuals. The ability to produce visuals can also
make the news-editing process easy. A broadcast journalist should be
knowledgeable about the camera element and the functions of videotapes used in
broadcast news recording.
  NARRATION AND VISUAL CONSTRUCTION7.5  
SELF-CHECK 7.4
If you are assigned to make a news report about a road accident,
what should you do if you are not at the location?
One of the aspects in broadcast journalism is visual narration. According to
Shook (1989), visual narration is the concept that highlights the way of "writing
the visual first" before a journalist writes his own news script.

Most editors agree that the news-gathering process and visual narration is an art in
broadcast news production. It is because broadcast news does not only depend on
how far the news is narrated or reported in an interesting way, but it also depends
on how the journalist is able to choose visuals to be narrated to the audience.
Broadcast news, especially TV news, prioritises visuals to strengthen facts in the
news report. Therefore, it justifies that each journalist involved in this field
should study and identify several important aspects in this field.
As an important concept in the process of making news to television broadcast
journalists, a journalist or cameraman is obliged to think visually first "what
needs to be presented" in the news writing before writing the script.
In news writing, the use of the narration concept and visual construction have
their own objectives:
􀄆 To combine both visual and writing to maximise the effectiveness of news.
􀄆 To greatly affect the audience on the news reported.
This concept differentiates broadcast news and printed media news, especially
those in the newspaper. There are two techniques that can be utilised by
journalists in developing the visual narration process. First is to "write" the
pictures, there is to take the shots in sequence.
7.5.1  “Write the Picture First”
Good and strong broadcast news is the news that can be written by journalists
based on wanted visuals (Shook, 1989). However, this method needs the
journalists to think about the visual first before thinking about usage of sentences
to build a complete report.

The common practice is the wallpapering technique, which is to write the script
beforehand and look for materials that suit the script. Although not all news need
visuals, journalist must be present at the location to see the actual event. This is to
get ideas to write a stable, compact and meaningful script that conforms to the
visual.
To test your understanding, do the following exercise:
EXERCISE 7.3
In your own opinion, why is the visual important in broadcast
news? Use your own paper to answer this question. A good answer
is one that comes with an example of suitable news.
7.6  SHOOTING EQUIPMENT
The following are several commonly used equipment by broadcast journalists during news gathering.
7.6.1  Camera 
The camera is an important technical equipment in broadcast news production, filming, dramas and documentaries. Nonetheless, in broadcast news production,

the use of the camera focuses more on only the basic shots. The cameraman is the most important person, who has expertise in handling cameras.
However, that does not mean journalists can take it for granted and leave the tasks to the cameraman. It is good for journalists to know how to handle a camera and take shots that are commonly used. The aim is for journalists to work closely with the cameraman and help each other during news coverage.

- White Balancing
Before starting visual shooting for news, the cameraman and broadcast journalists have to perform the „white balance‰ that is to ensure that the camera can produce visuals in its original colour.
In order to effect white balance, make sure that the camera lens is focused on any pure white object. Press the white balance button on the camera. Follow instructions on the screen or monitor of the camera to get the perfect white balance. After performing white balance, the camera is able to record good visuals for the desired broadcast news.
SELF-CHECK 7.5
In your opinion, what is the difference between the use of the camera for news production, filming, dramas and documentaries?

7.6.1.1  Types of Camera.
In general, there are two types of camera, film camera and video camera. In broadcast journalism the camera that is generally used is the video camera.
The video camera focuses an image on CCD (Charged-Coupled Device), which is an electronic chip that contains pixels to read the light brightness and changes it to electric signals. The signal then is sent to CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) in the monitor to change the electric signal to the actual image.

There are several types of video cameras:
(a) VHS & Super VHS
A VHS camera (Video Home System) is not expensive and is easy to handle. The camera that produces images of 250 to 440 horizontal lines uses the composite system that usually exists in both digital and analogue format. Amateurs usually use this camera.

(b) Hi-8 (Hi Band)
This camera is becoming more popular nowadays because of better quality images (although it uses the same composite system). It produces images of 400 to 500 horizontal lines. This camera is usually used by amateurs and it is also used a lot in TV news production. Hi-8 cameras are also available in two forms, analogue and digital formats, similar to VHS cameras.
(c) 1”, 2” and 􀃵
The camera that uses one-inch or two-inch tape was introduced in the 50s and is rarely used nowadays. It is because both formats require a high editing cost. On the other hand, the camera that uses three-quarter inch tape tape 􀃵 (U matic), which was introduced in the 1980s to the 1990s is commonly used in the production of extended TV programmes, especially ones that involves the production in MCP (Multi Camera Production).
(d) Betacam
Although Betacam has good quality, the handling is slightly more difficult than other cameras that have been discussed before this. Betacam uses a component system and produces images of 500 to 800 horizontal lines superior resolution commonly used by professional cameramen for TV broadcast. Similar to VHS and Hi-8 cameras, Betacam is also available in
digital and analogue formats.
Picture 1: Uvw100
(e) DVCam
DVCam is of a better quality and the tape lifespan is longer compared to Betacam. Yet, the camera uses a component system and produces images of 500 to 700 horizontal lines is compact and versatile to handle. This type of camera is also popular for TV broadcast production.

Picture 2: DVCam dsrpd 170
In broadcast journalism, video cameras are widely used compared to other cameras because the equipment cost (including the tapes) is much cheaper and easier to handle than the film camera. The video images can be viewed immediately (through the playback adaptor) and audio can be recorded in the
camera. So, this enables cameramen and journalists to easily bring it anywhere to gather visuals needed to strengthen the news report.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Video Format
(a) Component
Separates the Red, Green and Blue signals. It also sends signals separately and produces bright images and clean colour.
(b) Composite
Combines Red, Green and Blue signals. It is of a low quality because it is only able to send signals through one route. The image and colour quality is also low and less.
(c) Digital
There is no picture (noise/grain) disruption. It can be transferred as many times as needed.
(d) Analogue
There is picture (noise/grain) disruption and every
time it is transferred, the quality of the video
resolution is compromised (drop generation).

You can refer to the following links for further information:
(a) http;//www.epanorama.net/links/videosignal.htm
(b) http;//www.dansdata.com/video.htm
(c) http;//www.thefuhrmans.com/home_video_camera.htm
(d) http;//www.csl.sri.com/users/mwfong/Technical/videosignal.html

To get good visuals to strengthen news broadcast report, the correct camera handling is very important. Comprehension and skill is not only required by cameramen but journalists must also understand the functions of a camera and be able to use them.
7.6.2  Videotapes
Videotapes are needed by broadcast journalists and also cameramen to record the desired visuals. Videotapes must be used in the process of broadcast news production. It enables good visuals to be recorded, and audio to strengthen the visuals used for broadcasting.
There are several formats of videotapes used in broadcast journalism. The following is a list of several types of videotapes that are commonly used by broadcast journalists in recording visuals.


Table 7.1: Types of Video Tapes.
Types of Video Tapes
Videotapes measuring half an inch (including tapes for camera with Sony Beta & Panasonic M-11 formats). Usage of small videotapes of this measurement is not encouraged in commercial broadcasting.
Videotapes measuring three quarte inche are rarely used in shooting reporting visuals.
Videotapes measuring four mm, eight mm, quarter inch are rarely used in shooting reporting visuals.

7.7  BASIC SHOTS AND THEIR USES IN BROADCAST NEWS PRODUCTION.
The job of a journalist is basically to do coverage of an incident to develop meaningful news for the audience. Logically, such a situation does not require the broadcast journalist to be involved in technical work, especially handling cameras, audio and many more. Every station must prepare at least a cameraman and also an audio man every time a journalist goes out to do news coverage.
However, a good journalist has to know the basics of handling a camera with types of shots needed in the making of broadcast news visuals. By having basic knowledge on how to handle a camera and shots used, a journalist not only works smoothly and has a good working relationship with the cameraman, but he also can ease news editing.

7.7.1  Importance of Shots
Visuals are important in broadcast news report. Visuals are vital to strengthen the news and to attract the audience’s attention.
Although not all news requires visuals, a journalist has to go to the location to look at the real incident before writing the news. This enables the journalist to “see” and “feel” the incident, and later get the idea to produce meaningful script writing.
This is the importance of the ability of a journalist to take suitable shots according to the required sequence. The aim of taking shots in sequence is to make the editing process logical. Editing is a process of choosing, cutting and inserting suitable visuals and audio effects in the production of a piece of news.
Editing is also done to co-ordinate visual arrangements according to sequence. Therefore, basic shots and how they work must also be known in order to enable editing to be done perfectly.
ACTIVITY 7.1
You have just finished learning a topic on shooting visuals. Try to recall, the importance of visuals in broadcast?

7.7.2  Basic Shots
Visual presentation is similar to any other production of TV programmes.
However, the visual presented is not as difficult as the shots that you usually see in the production of drama, film or a documentary.
There are three types of basic shots; long shot (LS), medium shot (MS) and close up (CU). CU, MS and LS shots are important in the process of production and visual editing for broadcast news. There are several other shots that enable journalists to construct visuals. Visual construction used in broadcast news will be touched on and explained in the following pictures:

Close Up (CU)
This CU is used to show character
and feelings as well as concentration
on the subject or object presented.
Picture 1: Example of “close up” shot.

(a) Medium Shot (MS)
A MS enables facial expression to be
shown but does not focus on the
subject. If the subject is a man,
usually the shot will be taken from
the head to a little bit further down
to the waist. The aim of this shot is to
create “interplay” between the
subject and the character.
Picture 2: Example of “medium shot”.

(b). Long Shot (LS)
A LS shows the important matters
that must to be seen. This shot
allows sufficient area of frame to
show the subject to the audience.
Normally, this shot is used to
present information. Besides, this
shot is also used to create a
relationship between the subject and
the environment.
Picture 3: Example of “long shot”.
(c).

7.7.3  Taking Shots According to Sequence
Basically, the audience is able to construct news reported in broadcasting based on
what is shown on the news report, especially news that is presented in visual form
and with sound effects. The visual factor plays an important role so the audience
will continue to be interested to follow the news reported until the end. Thus, a
journalist has to take shots in sequence, to match the news to be reported later.
The purpose of taking shots in sequence is very important. It can ease the editing
process. The editing process involves choosing, cutting and inserting suitable
visuals and audio effects in production. Editing is done so that visuals are
presented parallel with what is being witnessed; as if a pair of eyes are watching
it. Therefore, basic shots and the functions of shots must be known to enable
editing to be done perfectly.
A journalist has to ensure that visual presentation of news is the same with the
production of other television programmes. But, in the context of broadcast
news, the visuals presented are not difficult. Normally, broadcast news depends
heavily on basic shots like the Long Shot (LS), Medium Shot (MS) and Close Up
(CU). In fact, the editing technique also depends entirely on the cutaway method.
Cutaways are reaction shots used to shorten long sequences. Such visuals are
used to move the message to subsequent scence.
Picture 4: Basic sequence

Picture 4 is related to shots that show various reactions. In electronic reporting,
especially TV news, a journalist has to be smart in breaking the sequence. The
importance of sequence breaking, precise and suitable shots is very important to
give a narrative effect to the audience. The result, visuals inserted in the news
report, can greatly give an impact to strengthen facts in your news.
Please refer to the following websites:
(a) http://www.videooccasions.nw.com/voshots.html
(b) http://www.bctv.net/telcom/tel40text/2visualgrammar.html
ACTIVITY 7.2
What will happen to the news, if every narration you report is
accompanied by the same shot technique?
7.7.4  Roles of Shots
Long Shot (LS), medium shot (MS) and close up (CU) co-operate with each other
in strengthening news facts (Shook 1989). From these shots, visuals shown to the
audience can represent the audience’s point of view (Pov), and thus allow the
audience to “feel” the event reported through the news.
The TV screen is the world for the audience. The audience will interpret the
visuals seen from what is seen on the TC screen. The clearer and precise the
visuals are, the deeper the effect of the news to the audience. Therefore,
broadcast journalists have to be smart in using the types of shots creatively and
meaningfully.
Journalists must also be honest in showing the visuals obtained. Do not
manipulate the visual that it can humiliate or misinform any parties. Broadcast
journalists have to hold on to journalistic principles, as well as their professional
ethics. Journalists cannot simply show every visual that they feel is suitable. If the
particular visual can bring a negative effect, it is advisable that such shots are
replaced, or the news does not use visuals as substantial fact. Instead, the
newsreader should only read the news.

7.8   CAMERA MOVEMENT
Journalism allows visuals to be taken in any forms or shots that seem appropriate
to the news being reported by journalists. Several camera movements that can be
used as guidelines to journalists and cameramen are as follows:
Figure 7.3: Types of camera movement
(a) Panning Shot
This shot is usually used to represent the human view that follows the
subject. In this shot, the camera is positioned on a tripod to get a shot as if the
human eyes are looking at the subject from left to right, or from right to left.
(b) Moving/Follow Shot
If journalists wish to take a visual of the subject moving or in action, the
type of shot that is suitable to be used is “moving” or “follow shot”.
Sometimes, this type of shot is also known as “pan with a purpose shot”.
(c) Tilt Shot
Tilt shot shows that the camera’s movement is the opposite of pan shot. It
records the movement of the subject from top to bottom, or bottom to top.
This type of shot is usually used to expose something that is extraordinary
about the subject.
(d) Tracking Shot
We usually see a visual angle that shows a view of somebody from a car or
walking along. This is another type of shot that is usually used in broadcast
journalism. News reports on war usually uses this type of shot to record the
aftermath of war, for instance the bombing scene of in the city, the
destruction of buildings along the journey and many more.

(e) Point-of-view
Point-of-view is the shot that represents the view of the eyes of the subject,
the subject’s perspective. Basically, this shot pictures part of the subject’s
action that can affect the audience.
For instance, a journalist is taking a shot of a woman withdrawing money
from an automatic teller machine. At first, the type of shot taken is a
medium shot. Then, to show that the woman is looking at the screen, the
camera’s movement changes to the “point-of-view” to affect the audience
and the viewers deeper and in detailed view.
(f) Dolly Shot
Dolly shot is usually used to make the audience feel that they are following
the subject’s movement. From this shot, the audience feels as if the subject
is moving towards or away from them.
Visuals play an important role in strengthening TV news broadcast. No matter
what form of news to be reported is, journalists cannot run away from using
suitable visuals to report their news.
 REFERENCES
For further understanding, please refer to “Television Field Production and
Reporting” by Shook, F. (1989).

  7.9  EDITORIAL STRUCTURE
In news writing, editorial structure plays an important role to produce a good
piece of news. There are four elements to be considered for editorial structure by
a journalist. They:
News writing must be clear, concise, comprehensive and presented in an
interesting and compelling way to the audience. Therefore, there are four main
elements to be considered when writing news:

􀄆 Prioritise time and space;
􀄆 Prioritise hearing;
􀄆 Prioritise vision more than usual vision; and
􀄆 Conversational.
There are several approaches to produce news reports. There are several suggestions here that can be used to strengthen broadcast news writing.

(a) Emotional Approach
Journalists can use the element of sound and visuals to leave a deeper effect.

(b) Clear and Compact
As a journalist, you are not able to show the entire news because of time
and space limitation. For instance, if you attend a media conference for two
hours, that does not mean you have to produce news of two hours long.
Instead, you have to be smart in choosing the gist of news. This situation
greatly depends on your preparation before you go out to look for the
news. Thus, you have to think and apply the techniques discussed earlier
that are reportorial editing and commitment.

(c) Determining Method
You can choose to present your news report in various ways. You can use
the technique of presenting at the news location (stand-up), do a voice over
while the visual is played; script is read only by the newsreader from a
package of the said techniques.

7.10   VISUAL EDITING PROCESSES
Broadcast news report needs a strong visual to strengthen its attraction to the
audience, different from news in the print media. Since the time of broadcasting
is limited, journalists have to be smart in choosing suitable and strong visuals for
their news reports. Choosing visuals is done using digital editing.
Besides visuals recorded at the location, visuals in the form of picture and still
graphics, animation, as well as title and caption (using “character generator”,
which is an electronic caption machine) help in strengthening the news reported.
To test your understanding, answer the following questions.
EXERCISE 7.4
1. Explain types of basic shots in the process of TV broadcast
news. Elaborate the functions of each basic shot.
2. What is unique about visuals in broadcast journalism?

􀁸 This topic has elaborated on the functions of technology in gathering and producing broadcast news and exposing you to the reality of broadcast news gathering.
􀁸 In doing news reports, a journalist has to record visuals that can support its news.
􀁸 The news must also be supported by soundbites as well as audio that can enhance the effect, emotion and meaning of the report.
􀁸 This topic has explained the editorial structure as well as the visual application so that you can understand the importance in strengthening your broadcast news report.
􀁸 If you wish to become a good broadcast journalist, apply this aspect in your assignment so you will not disappoint yourself, news crew as well as the audience.
􀁸 The next topic discusses broadcast news presentation. 

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