23 June, 2016

12 OUMH2203_TOPIC 8 MEMOS, E-MAILS AND FAXES

12 OUMH2203_topic08

TOPIC 8   MEMOS, E-MAILS AND FAXES

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1.  Name the different types and parts of a memo;
2.  Use appropriate language in e-mail;
3.  Describe the format, style and layout in faxes;
4.  Write good memos, e-mail and faxes; and
5.  Practise rules of subject-verb agreement.

INTRODUCTION

This  topic will introduce you to the different styles and layout used in memos,
e-mails   and   faxes.   It   explains   some of   the   fundamental   differences   between
memos   and   business   letters,   and   describes   common   practices   when   sending   e-
mail   and  faxes.  The  topic  also  contains activities  and  exercises  to  give  you
practice in using subject-verb agreement involving singular and plural subjects.

8.1        MEMORANDUM

A memo  or memorandum  is a form of written business communication. Memos
are circulated within a company, and rarely go out to clients. However, a government
department may use memos to communicate with other government departments or
authorities. It is less formal than a letter, which is regarded as a serious document that
must be carefully filed.

A   memo    may  communicate    information, explain  new   procedures,  announce
changes,   make   requests,   confirm   results  or   offer   advice.   The   format,   style   and
organisation     of  memos    vary  enormously,     mainly   because   of  the  influence  of
corporate culture and also because they can be used to communicate with one or
many people who may be of similar or very different status.


8.1.1         Advantages of a Memo

A memo has several advantages, which are detailed below:
(a)   The same message is communicated accurately to many people at the same
      time;
(b)   It takes little time to construct because it is informal yet provides a written
      record for filing and reference;
(c)   It allows the writer to convey detailed or difficult information logically; and
(d)   It   indicates,   by   the   companyÊs   letterhead,   that   it   is   an   internal   piece   of
      communication and part of company procedure.

8.1.2     Parts of a Memo
A memo comprises the following parts:
? Heading (To, From, Date, Subject);
? Body (written in short paragraphs, blocked to the left margin);
? Reference initials (optional); and
? Attachment notation.

8.1.3         Distribution List

This is a list comprising the names of people to whom the memo will be sent. It is
used when a memo is sent to a group rather than an individual. The names are
listed at the bottom of the memo in alphabetical or rank order and indented to
the first tab.

Figure 8.1: Parts of a memo


ACTIVITY 8.1
1.     The  following   are   some   basic   rules   about   memos.  Compare   these
       rules to those for writing a business letter. How do they differ?


                            SOME BASIC RULES ABOUT MEMOS


          A         Heading: "To"
          B         Heading: "From"
          C         Date
          D         Subject heading/subject line
          E         Only about one subject
          F         Body should be aligned to the left margin
          G         Should not be longer than one page
          H         Names kept brief e.g. M. Ismail or even Ismail
           I        Position of receiver and sender
           J        No addresses
          K         No full greetings or closings
          L         Initialled by sender, not signed in full

2.     The   different   parts   of   a   memo   are   listed   below   in   a   jumbled-up
       state. Rearrange the parts and list them down in their correct order.
       (a)    body of the memo
       (b)    name(s) of anybody else who will receive a copy of the memo
       (c)    conclusion or recommendation
       (d)    date
       (e)    deadline
       (f )   name of the person sending the memo
       (g)    initials of the sender
       (h)    request for cooperation
       (i )   name of the person to whom the memo is sent
       (j )   brief   introduction    to  the   memo,     either  giving   background
             information or the main point of the memo
       (k)    subject heading

3.     Read   the   following   request   memo.   Briefly   describe   the   content   of
        the  different parts of the memo numbered 1 to 7.

8.2          TYPES OF MEMO

There   are   many   types   of   memos   that   are  routinely   sent   out   in   an   organisation.
Some of the most common types include:

8.2.1         Directive Memo

A directive memo states a policy or procedure that you want your co-workers to
follow. The body of the memo starts with a clear, concise sentence that states the
purpose     of  the  memo,    for  example:   The   purpose   of  this  memo    is  to  let  all
members of the ABC department know that doughnuts will be provided every
Friday morning at 8am.

You then explain the rationale for such a decision or procedure.

8.2.2         Response Memo

The   response   memo   responds   to   a   request   for   information.   It   comprises   four
parts  the purpose statement, summary, discussion and action. It always starts
with    a  short  paragraph    stating  the  purpose,   followed   by  a  summary     of  the
information requested, a discussion of the important points, and the action you
are going to take or feel should be taken.

8.2.3         Trip Report Memo

This   is   usually   sent   to   a   supervisor   after   an   employee   returns   from   a   business
trip.   It   follows   the   same   format   as   the  response   memo.   In   the   action   section,
include relevant information that you may have come across after returning from
the trip or recommendations that you might want to make.



8.2.4         Field Report Memo
A field report memo highlights a problem and reports on the procedures taken to
resolve    the  problem.   It  has  the  following   sub-sections    purpose,     summary,
problem     leading   to  the  decision  to  perform   the  procedure,    methods,   results,
conclusions and recommendations.


8.2.5         Transmittal Memo

This   is   the   first   document   in   a   report package.   The   functions   of   the   transmittal
memo include announcing the release of a report (giving the date, by whom the
report was authorised and the general purpose of the report). It also summarises
conclusions and   recommendations,   credits   the  project   team   for   their   work,   and
notes special points of interest.



8.2.6         Announcement Memo



This type of memo issues an announcement to all staff members at the same time.



8.2.7         Instruction Memo



This type of memo gives instructions that need to be complied with by the staff.



8.2.8          Authorisation Memo



This type gives the green light for an action to be taken.



           ACTIVITY 8.2



      Read     the  following     extracts   taken   from    different   types    of  memo.

      Identify   the   types   of   memo   that   you   think   these  extracts   belong   to.

      Check      your    answers.    You    will   notice    that  the   function     of  the

      information contained in these extracts reflect the names of the memos.



      (a)

              The statistics on half-year expenditure which you asked for are

              attached.



      (b)     To   ensure  the  photocopier   is  used  properly,  bear  in  mind   the



              following procedures:



               Use the machine for only up to 30 minutes at a time; and



               Allow       the   machine     to cool off   for  at  least  five  minutes

                  before  the next  photocopying session.



      (c)

              Please    order   the  Accounting     Computing       Packages    from    the

              supplier identified and arrange for their installation as soon as

              possible.



      (d)

              Employees   are   entitled   to   a   15%  discount   on   our   products   at

              any of our branches.



8.3         SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT



There are many rules on subject-verb agreement. Study the following rules and

examples carefully:



  1.    When two or more subjects are connected by  or or nor, the verb must

        agree with the subject closest to it.

                                         S                       S

        Example:        (a) Either the head of department or the section leader

                           V

                           has to attend the meeting.

                                         S               S       V

                        (b) Neither the representatives nor the members are

                           absent today.

                                                 S               S

                        (c) Either the union representatives or the section head

                           V

                           has to leave the meeting.

                                 S               S        V

                       (d)   Neither   the   manager   nor   the   employees   are   to   be

                           blamed.



  2.    Each of the words in the following list goes with a singular verb.



        every

        each

        one

        everyone

        anyone                  singular verb e.g. is, was, has, does, takes, walks

        someone

        anybody

        somebody

        nobody


ACTIVITY 8.3



       Complete   the   following   sentences     with   the   correct   form   of   the   verb

       given in brackets.



       1.      Each and every one of the employees                       (is/are)

              eligible for promotion.



       2.      Somebody,    if not   all,                 (has/have)      to   volunteer

              to  travel for the company.



       3.      Either the brochure or the work samples                       (has/have)

              to be enclosed in the mail.



       4.      Neither the new models nor the old ones

              (prove/proves) to be cost effective.



       5.      One of the machines                  (cost/costs)   RM13,420.00,   which

              is more than we budgeted for.



  8.4         E-MAILS



Electronic    communication        is  one    of   the  fastest   growing     communication

trends   in  the world     today. Electronic    mail (e-mail)     enables   an   individual    to

create   a   message   within   a   mail   application   on   a   computer   and   then,   with   the

push of a button, send it to the electronic mailbox of another individual. It is sent

via intranet (LAN) and via the World Wide Web (www).



Mail   applications   offer   a   number   of   options,   depending   on   their   sophistication

and/or     knowledge      of  the  user.  For  example,    messages     can  be  spell-checked,

stored without being sent, copied, sent to multiple           receivers, forwarded to other

users,   printed and have replies automatically generated, delivery confirmed or

files attached.



8.4.1          Netiquette



Netiquette   refers   to   etiquette   on   the   Net.   It   maintains   and   promotes   goodwill

between the writer      and   the  recipient. A professional e-mail message should            be

courteous and confident.



Netiquette Dos                               Netiquette DonÊts



Be polite and civil                          Use capital letters (shouting)



Keep e-mail short and brief                  Post flame bait



Respect privacy                              Use emotional language



Stay on topic                                Send out unsolicited mass e-mails



Reply promptly                               Claim e-mail as urgent when they are not


ACTIVITY 8.4



     1.     Do you enjoy sending e-mails? Why?



     2.     With reference to netiquette, what are some of the doÊs and donÊts

            when it comes to sending and receiving e-mails?



8.4.2         Net Addresses



Each part of a Net address has a specific purpose appropriate to the writer and

the reader. Net addresses must be accurately written. One incorrect digit or letter

will send the e- mail to the wrong location. The general rule for Net addresses is

that it must be presented in lowercase. A Net address contains the userÊs ID at a

site or domain. The domain identifies the organisation running the site and the

kind of site. The organisation suffix at the end of the e-mail address identifies the

type of organisation, as indicated by the following.



Com       Commercial business



Org       Non-profit organisations



Edu       Educational institutions



Gov       Government organisations



Net       Companies or organisations that run large networks



8.4.3         Addressing E-mails



By pointing and clicking the mouse, or by using arrow keys and then pressing

the „enter‰ key, one or more names can be selected from our address book and

automatically   entered   into   the   „to‰   field.   Your   own   name or   computer   account

will   automatically     appear    in  the  „from‰   field.   „Date‰   is  also  automatically

generated   by   the   application.   It   is   optional   but   highly   advisable   to   supply   a

subject line. E-mails generally take the format of a standard memo.



An   e-mail   or   Internet   address   consists   of   specific   parts.   It   typically   takes   the

following form:    name@machine name.organisation.type of organisation.country

An example of an e-mail address is: hezrim@yahoo.com.my



8.4.4         Layout



The layout of an e-mail message is the frame for your message. The acceptable

minimum parts for an e-mail message are as follows:



? Recipient Ês name



? Sender Ês name



? Subject



? Date



? Body



? E-mail address



? At least one other option, apart from the e-mail address, of contacting the sender



8.4.5         E-mail Abbreviations



Abbreviations are sometimes used in e-mails. The following are some examples:

btw (by the way), fyi (for your information), imho (in my humble opinion), fwiw

(for what itÊs worth), hth (hope this helps) and afaik (as far as I know).




Figure 8.2: Abbreviations used in e-mails




ACTIVITY 8.5



      1.     Complete this e-mail using expressions contained in the previous

             sample   given,   that   convey   the   same   meaning   as   the   underlined

             expressions.



              Jaya, thanks for your plans on reducing the budget of the sales

              department. I would be grateful if you could (1) send copies to

              Sarah   Ismail   of   any   e-mails   you   send   to   me.   (2)   With   this   e-

              mail,    you   will  find   a  Word    document      with   my   comments.

              Please let me know if, for any reason, you cannot open the (3)

              document   that   comes   with   this   e-mail.   (4)   I   am   sending your

              proposals to all members of the board.



               (5)    Greetings,

                     Devi



      2.     Complete the extracts from these e-mails, using the abbreviations

             previously introduced.



             (i)    I am not sure about this, but       _________     there seems to be a

                    reorganisation     going    on   in the company.



             (ii)   You   asked    about    sales  figures    for three years. Please see

                    the   attached    document.________.        Good    luck   in  preparing

                    next yearÊs budget.



 8.5          FAXES



Faxes are a well-established means of communication in modern business and are

widely used because of their speed, convenience and flexibility. They are as fast as a

telephone call and relatively cheap. They are more convenient than e-mail because

any   sheet   of   paper   can   be   put   through   a  fax   machine   and   they   can   be   used   by

companies   with   no   Internet   connection.   The   format   used   varies   widely   but   will

mainly be dictated by a companyÊs preferences or the software used to generate the

faxes. However, there are certain practical considerations which affect some aspects

of the layout e.g. the need to know how many pages are being sent and the need to

specify sendersÊ and recipientsÊ telephone numbers in case of failed transmission.

The style of text in faxes may sometimes be much more informal than in a letter.





8.5.1          Sending Faxes



Adeline Chan in Singapore is on the phone with Tan Sim Hock from Kuala Lumpur.



  Tan:        Yes, I thinkyou will be interested in our latest designs

  Chan:       Can you send them by fax?



  Tan:        Sure.I will fax you right now. What is your fax number?



  Chan:       02 for Singapore followed by 3976 3421.



  Tan:        OK. I have got that.



  Chan:       Can you also fax the specifications that you think we need?



  Tan:        I willfax you everything we have. There are about 17 pages.



  Chan:       If you could fax it now, that would be great!



8.5.2          Layout of Faxes



The following is a layout of a fax cover sheet:



  FAX COVER SHEET1



  Date: 19 November 2010                To fax number:   +02 3976 3421

  To:       Adeline Chan                From:    Tan Sim Hock



  Number of pages including this cover sheet: 17

  Dear Adeline,



  It was good to hear from you again. The following pages give details of the latest

  additions    to  our  range.    If  you  require any   further   information,   please  do  not

  hesitate to contact me.



  Best regards,



  Tan Sim Hock



  This    fax  may    contain  confidential   information2.    If  you  are   not  the  intended



            3                      4

  recipient , advise the sender  and destroy this document. If you do not receive all

  pages, or if any pages are illegible, please phone (6) 03-2284 6545 immediately.



Key:



1.      Cover sheet: The first page of a fax showing who it is from.



2.      Confidential information: Things that others should NOT know.



3.      Intended recipient: The person who should receive the fax.



4.      Advise the sender: Tell the person who sent it.



8.5.3         Receiving Faxes



   Tan:              Did you get my fax?

   Adeline:           You are not going to believe this, but the paper got stuck and

                     the machine jammed.

    Tan:             No problem. I will send it again.



   15 minutes later



   Tan:              Did the fax go through this time?

   Adeline:           Yes but pages 6 and 11 were not legible. I could not read them.

   Tan:              No problem, I will resend them.



          ACTIVITY 8.6



      Tan Sim Hock sends a fax to Milan. The person receiving the fax phones

      Tan. Read what  is  said  and  complete  the  statements  using  expressions

      from   the  last section of the sample fax cover sheet given in the previous

      page.



      1.    „Milan   Auto   Exec   here.   We   have   received   a   fax   from   you   to   a

            company called Milan Fashion House. Our fax numbers are very

            similar. There must be some mistake.‰



            Milan Auto Exec (MAE) is not the___________            ___________, and so

            they         tell      the        person        sending         the        fax.

            They___________the___________.



      2.    „The   designs   you   received   are   top   secret.   Could   you   please   tear

            them before throwing them away?Ê



            The       information       is    ___________.       Tan      wants      MAE

            to___________the fax so that no one else sees it.



      3.    „Do not worry. There is something wrong with our fax machine

            so we cannot read most of the pages anyway.‰



            The   person    cannot    read  the   fax:  the  fax,  including    most    of

            the ___________     ___________, is ___________.



? Apart from letters, business organisations use documents such as memos, e-

     mails and faxes. These forms of business communication are taken seriously

     and therefore ought to be unambiguous and well presented.



? The   important   aspects   of   memos,   e-mails   and   faxes   such   as   format,   layout

     and style are covered in this topic.



? A   memo   is   a   form   of   written   business   communication   which   is   circulated

     within a company.



? Memos         communicate        information,    explain    new    procedures,     announce

     changes, make requests, confirm results or offer advice.



? E-mails   usually   comprise   the   following   components  the   recipientÊs   name,

     senderÊs    name,   subject,   date,  body  of   the  email   and   the  e-mail   address.

     Ideally, it should also contain at least one other option, apart from the e-mail

     address, of contacting the sender.



? Netiquette       refers   to  etiquette  on  the   Internet,  and   aims   to  maintain   and

     promote goodwill.



? The main advantages of faxes are speed, convenience and flexibility.



Announcement memo                              
Netiquette




Directive memo                                  
Request memo



Response memo                                  
Transmittal memo



Field Trip memo                                
Trip Report memo 

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