TOPIC 10 ACHIEVING ENTREPRENEUR'S PERSONAL FINANCIAL DREAMS
INTRODUCTION
Have you ever heard of this saying „what matters is how much you save, not
how much you earn‰. In other words, higher earning does not guarantee you are
financially better off than others who are earning lower than you, if you spend
more than what you have earned. It is always better to spend below your means
and make a habit to save. However, besides saving, one must learn and practise
investing a saving may not make you rich, but investment does. Investment from
the personal financial perspective will never be complete if it is done without the
knowledge of sustaining it and a proper protection i.e. insurance. Finally, you
need to know when you are falling into financial difficulty. This serves as the
financial self-check that should not be overlooked in order to achieve true
personal financial success.
Achieving
Entrepreneur's
Personal Financial
Dreams
Topic 10
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Describe the meaning and various ways of saving;
2. Discuss your investment goals, and the relationship between risk and
return;
3. Explain various types of investments, insurance, takaful and loan;
4. Make an informed decision on buying an insurance policy;
5. Determine the risks of being a guarantor; and
6. Identify signs of financial difficulty.
ENTREPRENEUR WEALTH BUILDING
We have discussed in the previous topic that the way to become smart with your
money is to build your wealth by owning more than you owe. Here, we will go
further into discussing how you can build your wealth and at the same time plan
for future uncertainties.
10.1.1 The Saving Habit
Putting money aside for the future is hard to do. There is more to it than
spending less money although that part alone can be challenging. How much
money should you save, where will you put it or are you sure you made the right
decision? Here are a few tips on how to set realistic goals and get the most out of
your money.
According to www.businessdictionary.com, savings is the portion of disposable
income not spent on consumption of consumer goods but accumulated or
invested directly in capital equipment or in paying home mortgage, or directly
through purchase of securities.
You should make your savings automatic. A savings plan is an essential part of
your financial plan. Without a savings plan, you will not be able to achieve your
financial goals. We suggest that you save at least 10% of your salary every
month. It is even better if you can save 20% to 30% because this will translate into
more money for your future. Remember that the more you save now, the easier it
would be to achieve your financial goals.
There are several ways that this percentage of your monthly salary can be put
into your savings account in the bank. You can:
(a) Write out a cheque every month and deposit it into your savings account;
(b) Carry out the transfer on the ATM; or
(c) Transfer money from your current account to your savings account via
Internet banking every month.
It is good if you are doing any of the above. However, after a few months, you may
forget to do so or find some reason to use the money for something else instead of
putting it into your savings account. You would have broken the pattern and, once
broken, it is possible that you will not get back to your savings plan.
So how do you make sure that you keep to your savings plan? Simple a by
making it automatic!
Give an instruction to your bank to transfer at least 10% of your monthly salary
from your current account to your savings account every month. Have the
transfer done as soon as your salary is credited into your current account. What
you do not see or have, you would not miss. In the meantime, the amount of
money in your savings account will just grow and grow, bringing you closer to
your financial goals.
As and when you can afford it, such as after you have received a raise or
promotion, instruct your bank to increase the amount to be transferred to your
savings account.
When you have saved the total amount of money that you had planned, transfer
the whole sum into a fixed deposit or some other account that can earn more
returns.
However, continue to instruct your bank to make the monthly deduction. Never
stop it, as this would only break your habit. The money that you are
„automatically‰ saving can go towards another financial goal.
10.1.2 Increasing Net Worth via Saving and Investments
Building wealth is about increasing your net worth, which we covered in
Topic 9. Your assets minus your liabilities equals your net worth, which can be
positive (assets more than liabilities) or negative (liabilities more than assets).
In this topic, we will focus on increasing your assets through savings and
investments. We will look at your investment goals, investment risk and return
and diversify your investment.
(a) Your Investment Goals
Once you save your money on a regular basis, you will need to start
making important decisions about how to invest your money. Now, how
do you do this? Easy, you can invest money sensibly by first stating your
investment goals.
What is the meaning of savings? How is it different from investment?
However, how do you come up with investment goals that fit your needs?
Well, there are some crucial questions you should think about when
coming up with your investment goals. Let us take a look at some
questions below:
(i) What are your financial goals? Why do you need to save and invest
your money?
(ii) How much money do you need to save and how much to invest to
achieve your goals?
(iii) How long do you have to save or invest your money to achieve your
goals?
(iv) How much risk are you willing to take?
(v) How much return do you expect from your savings or investments?
(vi) What sort of sacrifices are you prepared to make to achieve these
goals, e.g. changing your lifestyle and spending habits?
Be realistic when you consider your answers to the above questions. Look
at your sources of income and see how much you can consistently save and
invest. Your financial and investment goals should be reasonable and
achievable.
Remember to make your financial and investment goals reasonable and
achievable.
(b) Investment Risk and Return
Keeping your money in a savings or fixed deposit account with a bank is
the safest form of investment. The return (i.e. the interest rate) is lower
compared to other forms of investment, but it is not risky. You can go to
sleep at night and not be worried about your money.
Of course, by keeping your money only in savings or fixed deposits, you
would not be able to build your wealth as fast as you would like to.
However, keep in mind that although other form of investments can give
you better returns, they also sometimes carry greater risks, i.e. there is a
greater chance of such investments losing their value.
For example, if you invest your money in the stock market, you face a
greater risk of losing your money than if you were to keep it in a savings
account. Share prices move up and down, depending on many factors. You
may have bought the shares of a company at RM5 per share, but this price
can go up to RM7 or it can go down to RM2.
When you invest your money, you expect to earn a return on that money. A
return on an investment is usually stated as an annual percentage. If you
buy shares at RM10 a share and the price goes up to RM10.80 after one
year, then your rate of return is 8%.
The actual return on an investment would, however, be after you have
deducted related expenses. If you buy a house, for example, and then sell it,
you will only know your return after you have deducted items such as legal
fees, agent's commission, stamp duty and bank loan interests.
Remember: When choosing your investment, the higher the return, the
greater the risk.
(c) Diversify Your Investment
When you invest your money, do not put it all into one type of investment.
If something happens to that investment, you would lose all your money. It
is important to diversify.
It is smarter to put your money in different types of investment. In other
words, plan for a balanced portfolio of investments. Spreading your money
across a variety of investments is the key to spreading your risks. When
you do this, you are highly likely to benefit substantially from your
investments while eliminating chances of financial losses.
How you invest is partly determined by your investor profile, i.e. whether,
as an investor, you are aggressive, moderate or conservative. Many people
actually fall in-between these types.
If you are a moderate investor, you might invest a high portion of your
money in different asset class such as unit trust funds and the balance in
fixed income investments such as fixed deposits. The amount that you
assign to an asset class could be further divided among different segments
such as a bond or equity fund.
If you are an aggressive investor, you might consider investing in more
volatile investments such as shares.
On the other hand, if you are a more conservative investor, you might
consider putting your money in less aggressive investments such as bonds
and fixed deposits.
No two investors are exactly alike! You are the only one who can decide
which options to choose and how much to spread your savings amongst
the types of investment products available.
10.1.3 Types of Investment
Do you know that good investment planning can turn your goals into realities? It
involves more than just trying to pick the right investment. Now we will look at
Figure 10.1 to find out the types of investment available in the financial
marketplace.
Figure 10.1: Types of investments
1. What are your investment goals? Give examples to elaborate.
2. Discuss the relationship between risk and return, using examples.
SELF-CHECK 10.1
Let us look at the explanation of each type in detail.
(a) Cash and Fixed Interest Investments
Cash investments are the most common form of investment in Malaysia,
covering products such as bank savings accounts and fixed deposits.They
provide easy access to your money when you need it and there is no
chance you could lose any capital, so they are very secure.
However, while they do offer security, they usually provide very little
income and no capital growth. In actuality they can be quite risky in the
long run because inflation erodes the value of your investment. For most
investors, cash and fixed interest products are suitable for:
(i) Use as a transaction account;
(ii) Keeping cash on hand for short-term expenses and emergencies; and
(iii) Short-term savings where they cannot afford any risk to their capital.
(b) Shares
Shares (also known as equities or stocks) represent ownership in a
company. When you buy a share, you become a part-owner of the
company and become entitled to share in its future value and profits.
Shares in a company offer growth to investors in two key ways:
(i) As the overall value of the company increases, the value of the shares
also increases.
(ii) You can earn dividends when the company chooses to pay part of its
profits to shareholders as income payment.
Shares have the potential to generate very high returns. However,
they also have the potential to fall in value if the company's
performance drops. Shares are generally suitable for investors who:
• Want to build a nest egg for medium-term and long-term
financial goals;
• Have a longer investment time-frame; and
• Are comfortable with some volatility in their investment value
over the short term, in exchange for higher returns in the long
term (in terms of dividend income and capital gain).
(c) Unit Trust Funds
In a unit trust, money from hundreds of individual investors are pooled
together to buy a large number of different assets. Professional fund
managers decide what percentage of the fund should be invested in each
asset class, and also which countries, industries and companies have the
best prospects for good returns.
Each investor then receives „units‰ in the fund, with each unit representing
a mix of all the underlying assets such as shares, bonds and fixed deposits.
Unit trust funds are an ideal option for people who:
(i) Are new to investing;
(ii) Are happy to outsource the selection of investments to professional
managers;
(iii) Have a small initial amount to invest (with the option to make
regular additional contributions); and
(iv) Are seeking investment diversification to minimise risk.
(d) Property
Property is one asset class that most Malaysians are familiar with. Property
investment offers value to investors in two ways:
(i) Properties increase in capital value over time as house and land
prices rise.
(ii) You can earn rental income from tenants.
Like shares, property prices go up and down and have periods of
sustained high returns and sustained low returns; so property is
generally only suitable as a long-term investment. One of the most
important factors to consider when buying property is its location.
Property is generally suitable for investors who:
• Do not require „emergency‰ access to their money;
• Have a long-term investment time-frame; and
• Have the ability to meet mortgage repayments if interest rates rise
or if the property is not being tenanted.
(e) Other Types of Investments
Other types of investments are:
(i) Bonds
When you buy a government or corporate bond, you are „lending‰
your money for a certain period of time at a predetermined interest
rate. In return, you receive a steady income stream through regular
interest payments.
(ii) Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
This is similar to a unit trust except that the investments are in
property and real estate. The profits from such investments are
passed on to investors in the form of dividends.
PLANNING FOR UNCERTAINTIES
Life has many ups and downs where accidents and disasters can and do happen
unexpectedly. When this happens we feel like life has control over us more than
we have control over it. This is especially so if we are not adequately prepared
for uncertainties. Whatever the uncertainty that comes, it usually brings about
feelings of fear, depression and worry. How do we cope with such uncertainty?
Well, in this section, we will discuss several tips on how to deal with
uncertainties, for instance the need to get insured, the types of insurance we
should take and what takaful is.
What are your preferred types of investment? Why?
ACTIVITY 10.2
State the main types of investment.
EXERCISE 10.1
10.2.1 The Need of Getting Insured
Before you take any insurance, you must understand what insurance is, the
purpose of insurance and how it works to protect you. Now let us go into details.
(a) What is Insurance?
When you make a financial commitment, such as purchasing a house by
borrowing money from the bank, you have locked part of your future
income. Should there be an unfortunate natural event (death or disability)
or an economic catastrophe (retrenchment), where your ability to meet
these commitments have been impaired, the possibility of losing your
hard-earned asset is real.
There is a financial instrument that you can purchase to protect you from
such an eventuality a insurance. It is a means of giving you a financial
buffer or protection in case something happens to you, your family or your
belongings.
(b) Purpose of Insurance
In offering you such protection, insurance is providing you with peace of
mind. The money you put towards insurance will enable you to:
(i) Pay for damages to your personal belongings or to replace items that
had been stolen (provided such items are insurable);
(ii) Pay for medical bills when you or your family members are
hospitalised;
(iii) Take care of your monthly living expenses, debts and financial
commitments when you are not able to work due to a serious illness
or an accident;
(iv) Provide some financial support to your family in the event of your
disability, serious illness or death, particularly if you are the
breadwinner of the family.
(c) How Does Insurance Work?
Upon payment of a relatively small fee (known as a premium), a licensed
insurance company will replace items lost or damaged due to an insured
peril, such as fire, accidents and theft. However, these incidences must
occur during the insurance period up to the limit of the sum insured.
The insurance company sells policies to thousands of people and the
premiums collected become part of a common fund. Not all who pay the
premiums will be affected by misfortune and when some do, they are not
affected at the same time. The common fund helps all those who contribute
to share the risks.
The insurance industry in Malaysia is regulated by Bank Negara Malaysia
(BNM). To help the public know more about insurance, BNM has
produced a series of booklets, which you can get from branches of
insurance companies. Alternatively, you can visit www.insuranceinfo.
com.my.
10.2.2 Types of Insurance
You can insure almost anything under the sun but certain things absolutely need
to be properly insured. This typically includes your life, your health and your
property. Figure 10.2 shows us two types of insurance.
Figure 10.2: Types of Insurance
1. Why would you pay high premiums to get your family members
and yourself insured?
2. How much insurance coverage is considered adequate? Is it the
same for all individuals?
ACTIVITY 10.3
(a) Life Insurance
A life insurance policy insures you and your life against risks such as premature
death, illness, disability and hospitalisation. It is important to have
one if there are people depending on you, whether they are young children
or aged parents. The coverage period is usually more than a year and you
have a choice of making premium payments monthly, quarterly, semiannually
or annually throughout the coverage period.
Figure 10.3 illustrates the main life insurance products.
Figure 10.3: The main life insurance products
Now, we will go into detail for each main life insurance product.
(i) Whole Life
This offers lifelong protection but you must pay premiums
throughout your life. The claim amount (sum insured), including
bonuses, will be paid upon death, total and permanent disability or
critical illness. Due to the long-term nature of the policy, the premium
is higher than for term insurance and it provides cash value during
the term of policy.
(ii) Term Life
This offers protection for a limited period of time only. The money
will be paid only upon death, total and permanent disability or critical
illness during the term of the policy and according to the amount
agreed upon when buying the policy.
(iii) Endowment
This combines protection and savings. This policy provides cash
benefits at the end of a specific period or upon death or total and
permanent disability during the same period. The coverage period is
determined by the buyer.
(iv) Investment-linked
This combines investment and protection. Under this policy, you get
to choose the type of investment fund you wish to place your
investment and the amount of life insurance coverage you wish to
have. The amount of premium is flexible.
(v) Medical and Health
This helps to cover the cost of medical treatment, particularly in
regard to hospitalisation and surgery.
(vi) Mortgage Reducing Term
This is usually a single premium policy with the coverage amount
matching the scheduled outstanding balance of the loan. In case you
default on the payments due to illness or disability or upon premature
death, the policy will settle the loan and the bank will release the
ownership of the house to you or your beneficiaries.
(b) General Insurance
General insurance protects you against losses due to theft or damages to
your personal belongings. It also covers you if you cause damage to a third
party, or if there is accidental death, injury or hospitalisation. The period
covered is usually one year and you have to pay a one-time premium
payment on an annual basis. Table 10.1 shows us the main general
insurance products.
Table 10.1: The Main General Insurance Products
Product Explanation
It covers your motor vehicle against theft, accident or fire. If you
buy third party cover, you are insured against claims made against
you by a third party for injuries or death of other person (third
party) as well as loss or damage to the property of the third party
that is caused by your vehicle. If you buy comprehensive cover, you
are getting the widest coverage, i.e. third party injury and death,
third party property loss or damage, and loss or damage to your
own vehicle due to an accident, fire or theft.
A basic fire policy covers the building only against fire, lightning or
explosion. A house ownerÊs policy extends coverage of the building
to loss or damage due to flood, burst pipes and other calamities as
well. With a house holderÊs policy, the contents of the house, such as
furniture, are covered against theft, flood and fire. This policy does
not cover damage to the house itself.
This is good to buy when you travel overseas. It protects you
against travel-related accidents, flight delays or interruptions,
baggage lost in transit, medical and other expenses.
This covers items such as computers, handphones, notebooks and
cameras against loss or theft.
Before deciding on an insurance policy, make sure you check the perils and risks
that are covered by various policies offered by different insurance companies.
10.2.3 Takaful
As in banking where you can choose between conventional and Islamic banking
products and services, the insurance industry in Malaysia also offers conventional
insurance as well as takaful.
Takaful is insurance protection based on Shariah principles. You contribute a
sum of money to a common takaful fund in the form of participative
contribution. You undertake a contract (aqad) to become one of the participants
by agreeing to mutually help each other, should any of the participants suffer a
specified loss.
Both insurance and takaful have similar basic principles. For example, in both
insurance and takaful, you suffer a financial loss when the insured event occurs.
While takaful offers products similar to conventional insurance, it has some
unique features:
(a) The surplus of the fund is shared between you and the takaful company
based on a pre-agreed ratio. The amount in the surplus fund is calculated
after deducting expenses such as claims, technical reserves, management
expenses and re-takaful.
(b) You are entitled to this surplus, if you had not made a claim during the
period of the takaful.
Figure 10.4 shows us two types of takaful.
Figure 10.4: Types of takaful
(a) Family Takaful
Family takaful is a combination of protection and long-term savings and
usually covers a period of more than a year. It provides financial benefits if
you suffer a tragedy as well as gives you investment profits. Contribution
payments can be paid monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually. Now
look at Table 10.2 for the basic types of family takaful.
Table 10.2: Types of Family Takaful
Types of Family Takaful Explanation
Individual Family
• With plans that include education, mortgage and
health, you and your beneficiary will receive
financial benefits arising from death or permanent
disability.
• There are also long-term savings and investment
profits are distributed upon claim, maturity or
early surrender.
Retirement Annuity
• This is a plan that provides you with a regular
income upon retirement.
Investment-linked
• Combining investment and protection, part of
your contribution is used to buy investment units
while the balance goes towards providing
coverage in the event of death or permanent
disability.
Medical and Health
• This covers the costs of medical treatment,
including hospitalisation and surgery.
(b) General Takaful
This product protects you on a short-term basis, usually for a one-year
period, for any loss or damage to your property or personal belongings.
You pay a one-time contribution on an annual basis. Please refer to Table
10.3 for the main types of general takaful.
Table 10.3: Types of General Takaful
Types of General Takaful Explanation Home Takaful
• A house owner takaful covers your home against
loss or damage caused by flood, fire and other
similar perils, while a house holder takaful covers
loss or damage to the contents of your house.
• You may participate in either one or both.
Motor Takaful • You are covered against loss or damage to your
vehicle due to fire, theft or an accident as well as
bodily injury or death of a third party and loss or
damage of a third party's property.
• As with general motor insurance, the two types of
cover are third party and comprehensive.
Personal Accident • This provides you or your beneficiaries with
compensation in the event of death, disablement or
injuries arising from an accident.
• This plan is also available for a short duration,
such as when travelling abroad.
For more information on takaful, you may want to surf this website:
http://www.insuranceinfo.com.my.
MANAGING DEBT: BORROWING BASICS
You may be tempted to spend more money than you have because of the
availability of loans and credit cards offered by financial institutions. These
institutions offer you money and credit on loan so you can buy a house, a car,
pay your bills or go on a holiday. It is crucial to keep in mind that this money is
not free. You have to pay it back a with interest!
Describe each type of insurance and takaful. Which do you prefer and
why?
SELF-CHECK 10.2
Discuss the basic types of Family Takaful.
Before borrowing money, make sure you can manage debts. Remember that you
want to own more than you owe. You want to build wealth. If you borrow
money, you should use it to make more money. Try not to pay for things that
will not create value for you. Also, never use short-term loans, such as credit
cards or overdrafts, to fund long-term assets for example house or building.
10.3.1 Loans and Credit
When you want to take a loan or use a credit card, ask yourself these questions:
(a) Is the product or service you want to buy important? Is it necessary?
(b) If it is important and you need to have it, can you afford to pay the
instalments?
(c) If it is a substantial purchase, such as a car or house, can you afford to put
down a larger down payment?
(d) If it is something you desire, can you control the feeling and delay your
decision to buy it since it is not that important?
(e) If you decide to take a loan or use your credit card to buy something, have
you worked out your cash flow to see if you are able to repay the money
you borrowed?
(f) Do you know the costs of borrowing and using your credit card? There are
interest rate costs as well as finance charges such as late payment fees.
(g) Do you understand the consequences of failing to repay money you
borrow? If you fail to do so, legal proceedings can be taken against you.
You can even be made a bankrupt.
Unless you are able to increase your income, you need to give up something to
make your monthly loan payment. Are you prepared to make this trade-off? For
example, are you willing to give up spending on your weekly entertainment to
make payments for your loan and credit card debt?
No matter how careful you have worked out your monthly cash flow to pay your
loan payment or credit card debt, something unexpected or an emergency can
happen and you will need extra cash. Are you able to still meet your
commitments if such a thing happens?
Hence, it is important not to over-commit on loans and purchases using credit
card. As a general rule, your total monthly payments on all your loans and credit
card debt should not exceed one-third of your gross monthly salary.
Never, ever borrow money from a loan shark because you will:
(a) Get a loan on very strict terms and conditions.
(b) Have to pay a very high rate of interest with daily compounding effect.
(c) Open yourself and your family to harassment if you get behind on your
payments.
(d) Be pressured into borrowing more from the loan shark to repay one debt
after another.
10.3.2 Types of Loan
There is a wide range of loans and credit facilities available in the market. We
will discuss the more common ones in this topic. The common types of loan are
illustrated in Figure 10.5.
Figure 10.5: Types of loan
Now we will discuss in detail each type of loan.
(a) Personal Loan
This is a loan offered for your personal use, not for a large purchase such as
a house or car but more for the purchase of a personal computer or money
to use towards your marriage. It is tempting to apply for this type of loan
because the application process is usually fast and easy. Moreover, most
banks do not require a guarantor or collateral. Conversely, some of the
interest rates can be very high.
As stated earlier in this topic, ask yourself some important questions before
you apply for such a loan. Be clear about the purpose of the application and
whether you can afford to make the repayments.
(b) Car Loan
Most people want to have their own car as soon as they start working. They
usually buy a car using a loan (also known as hire purchase or HP). If you
do so, you become the hirer of the car while the financial institution is the
owner. As the hirer, you pay instalments to the financial institution based
on their terms and conditions. You become the owner after completing all
your payments.
As with any loan you take, ask yourself the important questions before
deciding to borrow. Also work out your cash flow to see how much
monthly instalments you can afford to pay. When you apply for a car loan,
you can do so directly with the financial institution or through the car
dealer, who will then submit your application to the financial institution.
As a hirer you should:
(i) Read all the fine print in the written agreement;
(ii) Check and ensure that the purchase price and HP terms in the
agreement are as agreed;
(iii) Know your rights under the Hire Purchase Act;
(iv) Know your obligations as a hirer so that you do not do anything to
breach the agreement;
(v) Keep all documents, such as the agreement and receipts, in a safe
place; and
(vi) Make your payments to authorised persons only as identified by the
financial institution.
However, before taking up a car loan, check on the effective interest rate as
it will work out to be much higher than the flat rate offered. Look at the
following example of a RM50,000 loan at 5% interest per annum with a fiveyear
tenure. The effective interest rate works out to be 9.15%.
Do know the basics of hire purchase? Table 10.4 provides you some
details on hire purchase basics.
Table 10.4: Hire Purchase Basics
Terms Explanation
(a) Minimum Deposit This is about 10% of the cash value of the car but financial
institutions can request for a higher deposit.
(b) Interest Rate This is a fixed rate and the maximum allowed is 10%.
(c) Effective Interest
Rate
This is the actual interest that you pay after taking into
account annual compound interest on the loan over its
tenure.
(d) Late Payment
Charges
You will be charged a penalty if you are late in paying
your instalments. This interest is charged on a daily basis.
(e) Guarantor Financial institutions may require a guarantor who will be
responsible for the unpaid portion of a loan including
interest, if you default on your loan.
(f) Insurance You must purchase insurance coverage for your car.
Financial institutions require a car owner to undertake a
comprehensive insurance policy.
(g) Repossession If you default on your payments, financial institutions can
repossess your car as they are the legal owners.
When you do not make your car loan payments on schedule, the financial
institutions can repossess your car by engaging a registered reposessor.
Having your car taken away from you can be a traumatic and embarrassing
experience. Before taking any action, the repossessor must show you his
Monthly instalment: RM1,042
Total interest payment: RM12,500
Total loan + interest: RM62,500
Approximate effective rate per annum: 9.15% identity and authority cards along with a repossession order issued by the
financial institution. He must then make a police report and bring the
repossessed car to a place indicated by the financial institution.
You will receive advance notice in writing, known as the Fourth Schedule,
before your car is repossessed. This notice expires in 21 days after which
you will receive a second notice 14 days after the Fourth Schedule is issued
a this is a reminder to pay up or your car will be repossessed.
To avoid repossession, pay the outstanding arrears before the notice period
expires or return the car to the financial institution before the expiry date.
You will still need to pay any outstanding amount less the value of the car.
If your car has been repossessed, there is still a way to get it back. The
financial institution will issue you and your guarantors, if any, a Fifth
Schedule notice within 21 days of the repossession. You can have the car
returned to you if you pay all outstanding arrears or the due amount in full
and other expenses incurred by the financial institution. Alternatively, you
can introduce a buyer, e.g. a family member or friend, to buy the car at the
price given in the Fifth Schedule.
Within 21 days of the Fifth Schedule issue, if you or your guarantors do not
settle the outstanding amount, the financial institution will sell your car by
public auction or give you the option to buy the car at a price lower than
the estimated price stated in the Fifth Schedule.
(c) Housing Loan
The market for housing loans today is very competitive and financial
institutions now offers all kinds of loans to attract customers. Some loans
are even packaged with free gifts.
Do your research, get as much information as you can and compare items
such as interest rates before deciding on the loan suitable for you. As with
other loan products, you can choose between a conventional or Islamic
housing loan.
A housing loan is a large financial commitment, one that will stretch over
many years. Think very carefully about the various aspects of such a loan
before making your decision, some of which are as follows:
(i) Is the loan meant for buying a completed house or one under
construction? Are you buying land to build a house?
(ii) What is the value of the house or land you want to buy? How much
can you afford to pay in monthly instalments, depending on your
monthly cash flow?
(iii) Do you have enough money to make the downpayments and the cash
flow to pay the loan instalments?
(iv) What are the incidental fees or costs that you have to pay? The more
common ones are legal fees, stamp duties, processing fees and
disbursement fees.
(v) Is the interest rate fixed or variable with the Base Lending Rate (BLR)?
(vi) How flexible can your loan payments be? There are several payment
schemes available.
(vii) Is there an early termination penalty if you repay your loan in full
before the tenure expires? Financial institutions may impose such a
penalty because of the attractive rates they may have packaged for the
loan.
Is it better to take a loan on a fixed or variable interest rate? With a fixed
rate loan, the interest is fixed and you therefore know the amount of
instalments you need to pay. With a variable rate loan, the rate changes
according to the BLR. If the BLR rises, your interest rate will increase and
your monthly repayments will be higher. On the other hand, if the BLR
decreases you will benefit from paying lower monthly repayments.
There are also variable interest rate loans with fixed monthly payments where
any changes to the interest rate will either increase or decrease the loan tenure.
There is more than one method of paying housing loan (Table 10.5). The
principal sum of a loan is reduced each time an instalment is paid.
Table 10.5: Method of Payment for Housing Loan
Method of Payment Explanation
(a) Graduated Payment This allows you to pay lower instalment payments
at the beginning of the loan. The amount will,
however, gradually increase over time. This scheme
is useful if you had just started working and your
salary will increase over the years.
(b) Partial Prepayment of
the Outstanding Loan
You can shorten the loan tenure by making partial
prepayments with your surplus savings or annual
bonus. If done during the early years of the loan
tenure, you can reduce your interest charges. There
may, however, be restrictions on how much you can
pay.
As a borrower you should:
(i) Read and understand all the terms and conditions of the loan;
(ii) Stick to these terms and conditions;
(iii) Ask questions on all aspects of the loan to your satisfaction;
(iv) Make payments on time; and
(v) Check that you have accurate information on your loan account on a
regular basis.
As with any loan, if you fail to pay your instalments, the financial
institution will take legal action against you to recover the loan.
To enhance the borrower's credit standing and enable them to obtain
financing be it for car or housing loan financial institutions may require
guarantees from prospective borrowers. You may be requested by a family
member or friend to become a guarantor for his or her loan. Think carefully
before you agree to do so because being a guarantor for a loan means that if
the borrower cannot or will not pay the loan, you are legally bound to do so.
Should you agree to be a guarantor, make sure that:
(i) You read and understand the nature of the guarantee and the
implications on you;
(ii) You do not sign a blank or partially filled document;
(iii) You do not become a guarantor to someone whose integrity you are
doubtful of; and
(iv) You are aware of your liabilities if variations are made to the terms
and conditions of the loan.
It is not easy to withdraw from being a guarantor. The decision is up to the
financial institution, which may agree subject to conditions such as full
repayment of the principal debt. Even if the borrower passes away, the
financial institution can seek recourse from the guarantor if there are no
other sources of repayment of the loan.
10.3.3 Types of Cards, Credit Trap and Tips on Using
Credit Card
In this subtopic, we will look at the types of card available to us, the credit trap of
paying the minimum and tips on using credit cards.
(a) Types of Card
Well, there are few cards available these days to make our lives easier so we
do not have to carry cash every time we shop or pay for any service
rendered. The types of cards can be seen in Figure 10.6.
Figure 10.6: Types of card
Below is detailed explanation of each type of card listed above.
(i) Credit Card
Credit cards allow you to buy items and pay for services electronically
without using cash. When you use a credit card, the credit card
acquirer will pay the merchant on your behalf and bill you later
through your issuing bank. This makes purchasing things a lot easier.
Credit card can be a useful payment instrument if you know how to
use it properly and wisely. Some of its benefits are as follows:
• It is a convenient and efficient method of payment;
• You can use the statement to track your spending for budgeting
purposes;
• Some credit cards provide personal accident and travel insurance,
depending on the type of card issued;
• Credit card issuers have introduced attractive schemes, such as
zero-interest instalment scheme, flexi-pay scheme and 0% balance
transfer, to enable you to maximise on your purchases; and
• You can also earn loyalty points for usage of credit cards, a reward
that is unavailable when cash payments are made.
Normally, the credit card limit given is two or three times your
monthly salary. If you use your card up to this limit, you are
effectively spending at least two or three months of your salary in
advance.
(ii) Charge Card
Charge card is similar to a credit card. While credit card allows you to
make a minimum payment when you receive your monthly
statement, charge card does not. With a charge card, you must pay the
total amount due in full each month, failing which, late payment
charges will be imposed.
(iii) Debit Card
Debit card is similar to an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) card,
except that you do not have to withdraw cash from an ATM. You can
use the debit card at places where you pay for products or services.
The amount spent will be immediately deducted from your bank
account. Similiar to credit card, it is convenient to use debit card
because you do not have to carry cash with you.
(iv) Prepaid Card
Prepaid card can be used to make purchases but there is a spending
limit equivalent to the amount of money you place on the card. It is
like a prepaid phone card or a Touch & Go card where you have a
fixed amount of money you can spend. When the amount placed on
the card gets low, you can reload up to the maximum amount as
determined by the card issuer. Debit and prepaid cards are better
options for people who are not financially disciplined.
(b) The Credit Trap of Paying the Minimum
It may be tempting to just pay the minimum monthly due on your credit
card statement. After all, it helps with your cash flow. Unfortunately there
are consequences of paying just the minimum each month a you will incur
interest charges and it will take you longer to settle your outstanding
balance. The result? Huge debts in a short time frame. At present, most card
issuers impose a finance charge of 1.5% per month, which is charged on a
daily basis and compounded monthly.
Earlier in this module we have discussed the effect of compound interest
when you save your money. Compound interest also applies in this
situation, where interest is paid on the principal amount plus the
accumulated interest amount owing.
It is important to realise that the longer you take to settle your credit card
debts by making minimum payments, the more money you will owe. With
high interest rates, you will end up paying more money to the financial
institution as compared to the original amount you paid for the product or
service. Remember to always pay in full a this will ensure you keep out of
financial trouble.
(c) Tips on Using Credit Cards
Here are few tips that you may adopt when using your credit card:
(i) Pay the amount due in full when you get your monthly statement to
avoid paying interest;
(ii) Do not use a credit card if you cannot make the monthly payments;
(iii) Limit the number of credit cards you have;
(iv) Do not use your credit card to get cash advances from an ATM.
Each time you use your credit card to withdraw money, you are
increasing your loan commitments in addition to paying upfront
withdrawal charges and daily interest;
(v) Pay before the due date to avoid late payment charges and penalty
rates;
(vi) Be aware of the consequences of paying minimum amounts all the
time;
(vii) If you have a cash flow problem, pay the minimum amount for the
present but pay the full amount as soon as possible; and
(viii) Always check your credit card monthly statement to ensure proper
transactions and charges are recorded. The statement includes your
transactions, any fees and charges, the due date of payment and the
minimum payment. Call your bank if there is anything wrong with
your statements, or you have not received it.
10.3.4 Repayment and Default
A good paymaster is one who pays his or her monthly loan repayments on time
and in the amount required according to the terms and conditions of the loan
agreement. In this subtopic we will look into credit bureau and debt repayment
problem.
(a) Credit Bureau
The Credit Bureau of Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) has been in operation
since 1982. It collects credit information on borrowers, including private
individuals, businesses (sole proprietors and partnerships), companies and
government entities, and supplies the information back to lenders.
The Credit Bureau keeps information in the Central Credit Reference
Information System (CCRIS), which is a computerised system that
automatically processes credit data received from financial institutions and
synthesises these information into credit reports. These reports are made
available to financial institutions on request.
Each time you make a new application for a loan, the financial institution
will check your payment history with the Credit Bureau. They will use the
information to decide whether to give you a loan or not. Other than the
Credit Bureau, there are also privately-owned companies that provide their
clients, including financial institutions, with information on a borrower's
repayment record and status of legal actions, if any.
Keep a copy of your CCRIS report to track your loans with financial
institutions and monitor your loan and credit card repayment pattern. You
can check whether you have a healthy repayment schedule and defaults or
late payments appearing in your report. If your CCRIS report indicates late
repayment or default, a financial institution has the option of denying any new loan applications because it indicates that you are not managing your
loans well or you have financial difficulties.
It pays to be a good paymaster because this will be reflected in your credit
report. In fact, effective 1 July 2008, you are rewarded for being prompt in
your credit card payments a financial institutions will impose finance
charges on a tiered basis depending on your repayment behaviour.
If you wish to find more information on Credit Bureau, surf this website:
http://creditbureau.bnm.gov.my.
(b) Debt Repayment Problem
Defaulting on loan payments and failing to settle your credit card debt can
have terrible consequences. You will be sued by the financial institution. Your
car or property will be auctioned. Your family members will be affected
because they may have to help in paying your debts. Your guarantors, if any,
will also suffer because legal action can be taken against them. On top of that,
you may become a bankrupt if you fail to repay your loan.
You will suffer emotionally due to stress. You will be getting constant calls
and letters from lawyers and lenders to demand that you settle your debts.
In such situations, you can become unproductive and your work or health
may be affected.
Some signs to show that you are in financial difficulty are:
(i) You are not in control of your money i.e. your expenses are more than
your income;
(ii) You have more debts than you can manage to pay;
(iii) You are only able to pay the minimum 5% every month on your credit
card bills;
(iv) You do not have any savings to meet personal or family emergencies;
(v) You get calls from debt collectors regularly; and
(vi) You are being served with legal notice of demand.
If you are facing any of the above problems, seek help and advice on your
finances from a professional financial counselor as soon as possible.
• In order to build wealth, start saving and invest now. You need to increase
your assets in order to increase your net worth. Diversify your investments in
order to spread your risks. The higher the return you get from an investment,
the greater the risk.
• The amount of life insurance to buy depends on how much money you need
to support your lifestyle and pay your expenses when you are critically ill or
disabled due to an illness or accident.
• An insurance consultant or broker has to be licensed by BNM and be a
member of the Malaysian Insurance and Takaful Brokers Association.
• A life insurance agent must be appointed by a licensed life insurance
company and registered with the Life Insurance Association of Malaysia
(LIAM).
• A general insurance agent must be appointed by a licensed general insurance
company and registered with Persatuan Insuran Am Malaysia (PIAM).
• When making a claim, ensure that you have all the documents needed by the
insurance company to speed up the process.
• When applying for a loan, ask yourself the purpose of the loan and whether
you can afford to make the instalments. Never ever resort to borrowing from
1. What are the risks of becoming a guarantor? How can you minimise
the risks of becoming a guarantor?
2. How do you determine whether an individual is facing financial
difficulty?
SELF-CHECK 10.3
Discuss the main types of loan..
EXERCISE 10.3
unlicensed money lenders. Be aware of the terms and conditions of the loans
you take.
• Always ask for the effective interest rate on all your hire purchase and fixed
rate term loans. Your total monthly payments on all your loans and credit
card debt should not exceed one-third of your gross monthly salary.
• Do not fall into the trap of using credit and charge cards as if it is „free‰
money.
• Paying only the minimum monthly payment on your credit card statement
can result in a huge debt due to the compounding effect.
• Aim to be a good paymaster so that you will have a positive credit report.
Bonds
Borrowing
Cash
Credit
Financial Scams
Fixed interest investment
Insurance
Insurance coverage
Insurance premium
Investment
Loan
Property
Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
Risk and return
Saving
Shares
Takaful
Unit trust funds
Wealth
INTRODUCTION
Have you ever heard of this saying „what matters is how much you save, not
how much you earn‰. In other words, higher earning does not guarantee you are
financially better off than others who are earning lower than you, if you spend
more than what you have earned. It is always better to spend below your means
and make a habit to save. However, besides saving, one must learn and practise
investing a saving may not make you rich, but investment does. Investment from
the personal financial perspective will never be complete if it is done without the
knowledge of sustaining it and a proper protection i.e. insurance. Finally, you
need to know when you are falling into financial difficulty. This serves as the
financial self-check that should not be overlooked in order to achieve true
personal financial success.
Achieving
Entrepreneur's
Personal Financial
Dreams
Topic 10
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Describe the meaning and various ways of saving;
2. Discuss your investment goals, and the relationship between risk and
return;
3. Explain various types of investments, insurance, takaful and loan;
4. Make an informed decision on buying an insurance policy;
5. Determine the risks of being a guarantor; and
6. Identify signs of financial difficulty.
ENTREPRENEUR WEALTH BUILDING
We have discussed in the previous topic that the way to become smart with your
money is to build your wealth by owning more than you owe. Here, we will go
further into discussing how you can build your wealth and at the same time plan
for future uncertainties.
10.1.1 The Saving Habit
Putting money aside for the future is hard to do. There is more to it than
spending less money although that part alone can be challenging. How much
money should you save, where will you put it or are you sure you made the right
decision? Here are a few tips on how to set realistic goals and get the most out of
your money.
According to www.businessdictionary.com, savings is the portion of disposable
income not spent on consumption of consumer goods but accumulated or
invested directly in capital equipment or in paying home mortgage, or directly
through purchase of securities.
You should make your savings automatic. A savings plan is an essential part of
your financial plan. Without a savings plan, you will not be able to achieve your
financial goals. We suggest that you save at least 10% of your salary every
month. It is even better if you can save 20% to 30% because this will translate into
more money for your future. Remember that the more you save now, the easier it
would be to achieve your financial goals.
There are several ways that this percentage of your monthly salary can be put
into your savings account in the bank. You can:
(a) Write out a cheque every month and deposit it into your savings account;
(b) Carry out the transfer on the ATM; or
(c) Transfer money from your current account to your savings account via
Internet banking every month.
It is good if you are doing any of the above. However, after a few months, you may
forget to do so or find some reason to use the money for something else instead of
putting it into your savings account. You would have broken the pattern and, once
broken, it is possible that you will not get back to your savings plan.
So how do you make sure that you keep to your savings plan? Simple a by
making it automatic!
Give an instruction to your bank to transfer at least 10% of your monthly salary
from your current account to your savings account every month. Have the
transfer done as soon as your salary is credited into your current account. What
you do not see or have, you would not miss. In the meantime, the amount of
money in your savings account will just grow and grow, bringing you closer to
your financial goals.
As and when you can afford it, such as after you have received a raise or
promotion, instruct your bank to increase the amount to be transferred to your
savings account.
When you have saved the total amount of money that you had planned, transfer
the whole sum into a fixed deposit or some other account that can earn more
returns.
However, continue to instruct your bank to make the monthly deduction. Never
stop it, as this would only break your habit. The money that you are
„automatically‰ saving can go towards another financial goal.
10.1.2 Increasing Net Worth via Saving and Investments
Building wealth is about increasing your net worth, which we covered in
Topic 9. Your assets minus your liabilities equals your net worth, which can be
positive (assets more than liabilities) or negative (liabilities more than assets).
In this topic, we will focus on increasing your assets through savings and
investments. We will look at your investment goals, investment risk and return
and diversify your investment.
(a) Your Investment Goals
Once you save your money on a regular basis, you will need to start
making important decisions about how to invest your money. Now, how
do you do this? Easy, you can invest money sensibly by first stating your
investment goals.
What is the meaning of savings? How is it different from investment?
However, how do you come up with investment goals that fit your needs?
Well, there are some crucial questions you should think about when
coming up with your investment goals. Let us take a look at some
questions below:
(i) What are your financial goals? Why do you need to save and invest
your money?
(ii) How much money do you need to save and how much to invest to
achieve your goals?
(iii) How long do you have to save or invest your money to achieve your
goals?
(iv) How much risk are you willing to take?
(v) How much return do you expect from your savings or investments?
(vi) What sort of sacrifices are you prepared to make to achieve these
goals, e.g. changing your lifestyle and spending habits?
Be realistic when you consider your answers to the above questions. Look
at your sources of income and see how much you can consistently save and
invest. Your financial and investment goals should be reasonable and
achievable.
Remember to make your financial and investment goals reasonable and
achievable.
(b) Investment Risk and Return
Keeping your money in a savings or fixed deposit account with a bank is
the safest form of investment. The return (i.e. the interest rate) is lower
compared to other forms of investment, but it is not risky. You can go to
sleep at night and not be worried about your money.
Of course, by keeping your money only in savings or fixed deposits, you
would not be able to build your wealth as fast as you would like to.
However, keep in mind that although other form of investments can give
you better returns, they also sometimes carry greater risks, i.e. there is a
greater chance of such investments losing their value.
For example, if you invest your money in the stock market, you face a
greater risk of losing your money than if you were to keep it in a savings
account. Share prices move up and down, depending on many factors. You
may have bought the shares of a company at RM5 per share, but this price
can go up to RM7 or it can go down to RM2.
When you invest your money, you expect to earn a return on that money. A
return on an investment is usually stated as an annual percentage. If you
buy shares at RM10 a share and the price goes up to RM10.80 after one
year, then your rate of return is 8%.
The actual return on an investment would, however, be after you have
deducted related expenses. If you buy a house, for example, and then sell it,
you will only know your return after you have deducted items such as legal
fees, agent's commission, stamp duty and bank loan interests.
Remember: When choosing your investment, the higher the return, the
greater the risk.
(c) Diversify Your Investment
When you invest your money, do not put it all into one type of investment.
If something happens to that investment, you would lose all your money. It
is important to diversify.
It is smarter to put your money in different types of investment. In other
words, plan for a balanced portfolio of investments. Spreading your money
across a variety of investments is the key to spreading your risks. When
you do this, you are highly likely to benefit substantially from your
investments while eliminating chances of financial losses.
How you invest is partly determined by your investor profile, i.e. whether,
as an investor, you are aggressive, moderate or conservative. Many people
actually fall in-between these types.
If you are a moderate investor, you might invest a high portion of your
money in different asset class such as unit trust funds and the balance in
fixed income investments such as fixed deposits. The amount that you
assign to an asset class could be further divided among different segments
such as a bond or equity fund.
If you are an aggressive investor, you might consider investing in more
volatile investments such as shares.
On the other hand, if you are a more conservative investor, you might
consider putting your money in less aggressive investments such as bonds
and fixed deposits.
No two investors are exactly alike! You are the only one who can decide
which options to choose and how much to spread your savings amongst
the types of investment products available.
10.1.3 Types of Investment
Do you know that good investment planning can turn your goals into realities? It
involves more than just trying to pick the right investment. Now we will look at
Figure 10.1 to find out the types of investment available in the financial
marketplace.
Figure 10.1: Types of investments
1. What are your investment goals? Give examples to elaborate.
2. Discuss the relationship between risk and return, using examples.
SELF-CHECK 10.1
Let us look at the explanation of each type in detail.
(a) Cash and Fixed Interest Investments
Cash investments are the most common form of investment in Malaysia,
covering products such as bank savings accounts and fixed deposits.They
provide easy access to your money when you need it and there is no
chance you could lose any capital, so they are very secure.
However, while they do offer security, they usually provide very little
income and no capital growth. In actuality they can be quite risky in the
long run because inflation erodes the value of your investment. For most
investors, cash and fixed interest products are suitable for:
(i) Use as a transaction account;
(ii) Keeping cash on hand for short-term expenses and emergencies; and
(iii) Short-term savings where they cannot afford any risk to their capital.
(b) Shares
Shares (also known as equities or stocks) represent ownership in a
company. When you buy a share, you become a part-owner of the
company and become entitled to share in its future value and profits.
Shares in a company offer growth to investors in two key ways:
(i) As the overall value of the company increases, the value of the shares
also increases.
(ii) You can earn dividends when the company chooses to pay part of its
profits to shareholders as income payment.
Shares have the potential to generate very high returns. However,
they also have the potential to fall in value if the company's
performance drops. Shares are generally suitable for investors who:
• Want to build a nest egg for medium-term and long-term
financial goals;
• Have a longer investment time-frame; and
• Are comfortable with some volatility in their investment value
over the short term, in exchange for higher returns in the long
term (in terms of dividend income and capital gain).
(c) Unit Trust Funds
In a unit trust, money from hundreds of individual investors are pooled
together to buy a large number of different assets. Professional fund
managers decide what percentage of the fund should be invested in each
asset class, and also which countries, industries and companies have the
best prospects for good returns.
Each investor then receives „units‰ in the fund, with each unit representing
a mix of all the underlying assets such as shares, bonds and fixed deposits.
Unit trust funds are an ideal option for people who:
(i) Are new to investing;
(ii) Are happy to outsource the selection of investments to professional
managers;
(iii) Have a small initial amount to invest (with the option to make
regular additional contributions); and
(iv) Are seeking investment diversification to minimise risk.
(d) Property
Property is one asset class that most Malaysians are familiar with. Property
investment offers value to investors in two ways:
(i) Properties increase in capital value over time as house and land
prices rise.
(ii) You can earn rental income from tenants.
Like shares, property prices go up and down and have periods of
sustained high returns and sustained low returns; so property is
generally only suitable as a long-term investment. One of the most
important factors to consider when buying property is its location.
Property is generally suitable for investors who:
• Do not require „emergency‰ access to their money;
• Have a long-term investment time-frame; and
• Have the ability to meet mortgage repayments if interest rates rise
or if the property is not being tenanted.
(e) Other Types of Investments
Other types of investments are:
(i) Bonds
When you buy a government or corporate bond, you are „lending‰
your money for a certain period of time at a predetermined interest
rate. In return, you receive a steady income stream through regular
interest payments.
(ii) Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
This is similar to a unit trust except that the investments are in
property and real estate. The profits from such investments are
passed on to investors in the form of dividends.
PLANNING FOR UNCERTAINTIES
Life has many ups and downs where accidents and disasters can and do happen
unexpectedly. When this happens we feel like life has control over us more than
we have control over it. This is especially so if we are not adequately prepared
for uncertainties. Whatever the uncertainty that comes, it usually brings about
feelings of fear, depression and worry. How do we cope with such uncertainty?
Well, in this section, we will discuss several tips on how to deal with
uncertainties, for instance the need to get insured, the types of insurance we
should take and what takaful is.
What are your preferred types of investment? Why?
ACTIVITY 10.2
State the main types of investment.
EXERCISE 10.1
10.2.1 The Need of Getting Insured
Before you take any insurance, you must understand what insurance is, the
purpose of insurance and how it works to protect you. Now let us go into details.
(a) What is Insurance?
When you make a financial commitment, such as purchasing a house by
borrowing money from the bank, you have locked part of your future
income. Should there be an unfortunate natural event (death or disability)
or an economic catastrophe (retrenchment), where your ability to meet
these commitments have been impaired, the possibility of losing your
hard-earned asset is real.
There is a financial instrument that you can purchase to protect you from
such an eventuality a insurance. It is a means of giving you a financial
buffer or protection in case something happens to you, your family or your
belongings.
(b) Purpose of Insurance
In offering you such protection, insurance is providing you with peace of
mind. The money you put towards insurance will enable you to:
(i) Pay for damages to your personal belongings or to replace items that
had been stolen (provided such items are insurable);
(ii) Pay for medical bills when you or your family members are
hospitalised;
(iii) Take care of your monthly living expenses, debts and financial
commitments when you are not able to work due to a serious illness
or an accident;
(iv) Provide some financial support to your family in the event of your
disability, serious illness or death, particularly if you are the
breadwinner of the family.
(c) How Does Insurance Work?
Upon payment of a relatively small fee (known as a premium), a licensed
insurance company will replace items lost or damaged due to an insured
peril, such as fire, accidents and theft. However, these incidences must
occur during the insurance period up to the limit of the sum insured.
The insurance company sells policies to thousands of people and the
premiums collected become part of a common fund. Not all who pay the
premiums will be affected by misfortune and when some do, they are not
affected at the same time. The common fund helps all those who contribute
to share the risks.
The insurance industry in Malaysia is regulated by Bank Negara Malaysia
(BNM). To help the public know more about insurance, BNM has
produced a series of booklets, which you can get from branches of
insurance companies. Alternatively, you can visit www.insuranceinfo.
com.my.
10.2.2 Types of Insurance
You can insure almost anything under the sun but certain things absolutely need
to be properly insured. This typically includes your life, your health and your
property. Figure 10.2 shows us two types of insurance.
Figure 10.2: Types of Insurance
1. Why would you pay high premiums to get your family members
and yourself insured?
2. How much insurance coverage is considered adequate? Is it the
same for all individuals?
ACTIVITY 10.3
(a) Life Insurance
A life insurance policy insures you and your life against risks such as premature
death, illness, disability and hospitalisation. It is important to have
one if there are people depending on you, whether they are young children
or aged parents. The coverage period is usually more than a year and you
have a choice of making premium payments monthly, quarterly, semiannually
or annually throughout the coverage period.
Figure 10.3 illustrates the main life insurance products.
Figure 10.3: The main life insurance products
Now, we will go into detail for each main life insurance product.
(i) Whole Life
This offers lifelong protection but you must pay premiums
throughout your life. The claim amount (sum insured), including
bonuses, will be paid upon death, total and permanent disability or
critical illness. Due to the long-term nature of the policy, the premium
is higher than for term insurance and it provides cash value during
the term of policy.
(ii) Term Life
This offers protection for a limited period of time only. The money
will be paid only upon death, total and permanent disability or critical
illness during the term of the policy and according to the amount
agreed upon when buying the policy.
(iii) Endowment
This combines protection and savings. This policy provides cash
benefits at the end of a specific period or upon death or total and
permanent disability during the same period. The coverage period is
determined by the buyer.
(iv) Investment-linked
This combines investment and protection. Under this policy, you get
to choose the type of investment fund you wish to place your
investment and the amount of life insurance coverage you wish to
have. The amount of premium is flexible.
(v) Medical and Health
This helps to cover the cost of medical treatment, particularly in
regard to hospitalisation and surgery.
(vi) Mortgage Reducing Term
This is usually a single premium policy with the coverage amount
matching the scheduled outstanding balance of the loan. In case you
default on the payments due to illness or disability or upon premature
death, the policy will settle the loan and the bank will release the
ownership of the house to you or your beneficiaries.
(b) General Insurance
General insurance protects you against losses due to theft or damages to
your personal belongings. It also covers you if you cause damage to a third
party, or if there is accidental death, injury or hospitalisation. The period
covered is usually one year and you have to pay a one-time premium
payment on an annual basis. Table 10.1 shows us the main general
insurance products.
Table 10.1: The Main General Insurance Products
Product Explanation
It covers your motor vehicle against theft, accident or fire. If you
buy third party cover, you are insured against claims made against
you by a third party for injuries or death of other person (third
party) as well as loss or damage to the property of the third party
that is caused by your vehicle. If you buy comprehensive cover, you
are getting the widest coverage, i.e. third party injury and death,
third party property loss or damage, and loss or damage to your
own vehicle due to an accident, fire or theft.
A basic fire policy covers the building only against fire, lightning or
explosion. A house ownerÊs policy extends coverage of the building
to loss or damage due to flood, burst pipes and other calamities as
well. With a house holderÊs policy, the contents of the house, such as
furniture, are covered against theft, flood and fire. This policy does
not cover damage to the house itself.
This is good to buy when you travel overseas. It protects you
against travel-related accidents, flight delays or interruptions,
baggage lost in transit, medical and other expenses.
This covers items such as computers, handphones, notebooks and
cameras against loss or theft.
Before deciding on an insurance policy, make sure you check the perils and risks
that are covered by various policies offered by different insurance companies.
10.2.3 Takaful
As in banking where you can choose between conventional and Islamic banking
products and services, the insurance industry in Malaysia also offers conventional
insurance as well as takaful.
Takaful is insurance protection based on Shariah principles. You contribute a
sum of money to a common takaful fund in the form of participative
contribution. You undertake a contract (aqad) to become one of the participants
by agreeing to mutually help each other, should any of the participants suffer a
specified loss.
Both insurance and takaful have similar basic principles. For example, in both
insurance and takaful, you suffer a financial loss when the insured event occurs.
While takaful offers products similar to conventional insurance, it has some
unique features:
(a) The surplus of the fund is shared between you and the takaful company
based on a pre-agreed ratio. The amount in the surplus fund is calculated
after deducting expenses such as claims, technical reserves, management
expenses and re-takaful.
(b) You are entitled to this surplus, if you had not made a claim during the
period of the takaful.
Figure 10.4 shows us two types of takaful.
Figure 10.4: Types of takaful
(a) Family Takaful
Family takaful is a combination of protection and long-term savings and
usually covers a period of more than a year. It provides financial benefits if
you suffer a tragedy as well as gives you investment profits. Contribution
payments can be paid monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually. Now
look at Table 10.2 for the basic types of family takaful.
Table 10.2: Types of Family Takaful
Types of Family Takaful Explanation
Individual Family
• With plans that include education, mortgage and
health, you and your beneficiary will receive
financial benefits arising from death or permanent
disability.
• There are also long-term savings and investment
profits are distributed upon claim, maturity or
early surrender.
Retirement Annuity
• This is a plan that provides you with a regular
income upon retirement.
Investment-linked
• Combining investment and protection, part of
your contribution is used to buy investment units
while the balance goes towards providing
coverage in the event of death or permanent
disability.
Medical and Health
• This covers the costs of medical treatment,
including hospitalisation and surgery.
(b) General Takaful
This product protects you on a short-term basis, usually for a one-year
period, for any loss or damage to your property or personal belongings.
You pay a one-time contribution on an annual basis. Please refer to Table
10.3 for the main types of general takaful.
Table 10.3: Types of General Takaful
Types of General Takaful Explanation Home Takaful
• A house owner takaful covers your home against
loss or damage caused by flood, fire and other
similar perils, while a house holder takaful covers
loss or damage to the contents of your house.
• You may participate in either one or both.
Motor Takaful • You are covered against loss or damage to your
vehicle due to fire, theft or an accident as well as
bodily injury or death of a third party and loss or
damage of a third party's property.
• As with general motor insurance, the two types of
cover are third party and comprehensive.
Personal Accident • This provides you or your beneficiaries with
compensation in the event of death, disablement or
injuries arising from an accident.
• This plan is also available for a short duration,
such as when travelling abroad.
For more information on takaful, you may want to surf this website:
http://www.insuranceinfo.com.my.
MANAGING DEBT: BORROWING BASICS
You may be tempted to spend more money than you have because of the
availability of loans and credit cards offered by financial institutions. These
institutions offer you money and credit on loan so you can buy a house, a car,
pay your bills or go on a holiday. It is crucial to keep in mind that this money is
not free. You have to pay it back a with interest!
Describe each type of insurance and takaful. Which do you prefer and
why?
SELF-CHECK 10.2
Discuss the basic types of Family Takaful.
Before borrowing money, make sure you can manage debts. Remember that you
want to own more than you owe. You want to build wealth. If you borrow
money, you should use it to make more money. Try not to pay for things that
will not create value for you. Also, never use short-term loans, such as credit
cards or overdrafts, to fund long-term assets for example house or building.
10.3.1 Loans and Credit
When you want to take a loan or use a credit card, ask yourself these questions:
(a) Is the product or service you want to buy important? Is it necessary?
(b) If it is important and you need to have it, can you afford to pay the
instalments?
(c) If it is a substantial purchase, such as a car or house, can you afford to put
down a larger down payment?
(d) If it is something you desire, can you control the feeling and delay your
decision to buy it since it is not that important?
(e) If you decide to take a loan or use your credit card to buy something, have
you worked out your cash flow to see if you are able to repay the money
you borrowed?
(f) Do you know the costs of borrowing and using your credit card? There are
interest rate costs as well as finance charges such as late payment fees.
(g) Do you understand the consequences of failing to repay money you
borrow? If you fail to do so, legal proceedings can be taken against you.
You can even be made a bankrupt.
Unless you are able to increase your income, you need to give up something to
make your monthly loan payment. Are you prepared to make this trade-off? For
example, are you willing to give up spending on your weekly entertainment to
make payments for your loan and credit card debt?
No matter how careful you have worked out your monthly cash flow to pay your
loan payment or credit card debt, something unexpected or an emergency can
happen and you will need extra cash. Are you able to still meet your
commitments if such a thing happens?
Hence, it is important not to over-commit on loans and purchases using credit
card. As a general rule, your total monthly payments on all your loans and credit
card debt should not exceed one-third of your gross monthly salary.
Never, ever borrow money from a loan shark because you will:
(a) Get a loan on very strict terms and conditions.
(b) Have to pay a very high rate of interest with daily compounding effect.
(c) Open yourself and your family to harassment if you get behind on your
payments.
(d) Be pressured into borrowing more from the loan shark to repay one debt
after another.
10.3.2 Types of Loan
There is a wide range of loans and credit facilities available in the market. We
will discuss the more common ones in this topic. The common types of loan are
illustrated in Figure 10.5.
Figure 10.5: Types of loan
Now we will discuss in detail each type of loan.
(a) Personal Loan
This is a loan offered for your personal use, not for a large purchase such as
a house or car but more for the purchase of a personal computer or money
to use towards your marriage. It is tempting to apply for this type of loan
because the application process is usually fast and easy. Moreover, most
banks do not require a guarantor or collateral. Conversely, some of the
interest rates can be very high.
As stated earlier in this topic, ask yourself some important questions before
you apply for such a loan. Be clear about the purpose of the application and
whether you can afford to make the repayments.
(b) Car Loan
Most people want to have their own car as soon as they start working. They
usually buy a car using a loan (also known as hire purchase or HP). If you
do so, you become the hirer of the car while the financial institution is the
owner. As the hirer, you pay instalments to the financial institution based
on their terms and conditions. You become the owner after completing all
your payments.
As with any loan you take, ask yourself the important questions before
deciding to borrow. Also work out your cash flow to see how much
monthly instalments you can afford to pay. When you apply for a car loan,
you can do so directly with the financial institution or through the car
dealer, who will then submit your application to the financial institution.
As a hirer you should:
(i) Read all the fine print in the written agreement;
(ii) Check and ensure that the purchase price and HP terms in the
agreement are as agreed;
(iii) Know your rights under the Hire Purchase Act;
(iv) Know your obligations as a hirer so that you do not do anything to
breach the agreement;
(v) Keep all documents, such as the agreement and receipts, in a safe
place; and
(vi) Make your payments to authorised persons only as identified by the
financial institution.
However, before taking up a car loan, check on the effective interest rate as
it will work out to be much higher than the flat rate offered. Look at the
following example of a RM50,000 loan at 5% interest per annum with a fiveyear
tenure. The effective interest rate works out to be 9.15%.
Do know the basics of hire purchase? Table 10.4 provides you some
details on hire purchase basics.
Table 10.4: Hire Purchase Basics
Terms Explanation
(a) Minimum Deposit This is about 10% of the cash value of the car but financial
institutions can request for a higher deposit.
(b) Interest Rate This is a fixed rate and the maximum allowed is 10%.
(c) Effective Interest
Rate
This is the actual interest that you pay after taking into
account annual compound interest on the loan over its
tenure.
(d) Late Payment
Charges
You will be charged a penalty if you are late in paying
your instalments. This interest is charged on a daily basis.
(e) Guarantor Financial institutions may require a guarantor who will be
responsible for the unpaid portion of a loan including
interest, if you default on your loan.
(f) Insurance You must purchase insurance coverage for your car.
Financial institutions require a car owner to undertake a
comprehensive insurance policy.
(g) Repossession If you default on your payments, financial institutions can
repossess your car as they are the legal owners.
When you do not make your car loan payments on schedule, the financial
institutions can repossess your car by engaging a registered reposessor.
Having your car taken away from you can be a traumatic and embarrassing
experience. Before taking any action, the repossessor must show you his
Monthly instalment: RM1,042
Total interest payment: RM12,500
Total loan + interest: RM62,500
Approximate effective rate per annum: 9.15% identity and authority cards along with a repossession order issued by the
financial institution. He must then make a police report and bring the
repossessed car to a place indicated by the financial institution.
You will receive advance notice in writing, known as the Fourth Schedule,
before your car is repossessed. This notice expires in 21 days after which
you will receive a second notice 14 days after the Fourth Schedule is issued
a this is a reminder to pay up or your car will be repossessed.
To avoid repossession, pay the outstanding arrears before the notice period
expires or return the car to the financial institution before the expiry date.
You will still need to pay any outstanding amount less the value of the car.
If your car has been repossessed, there is still a way to get it back. The
financial institution will issue you and your guarantors, if any, a Fifth
Schedule notice within 21 days of the repossession. You can have the car
returned to you if you pay all outstanding arrears or the due amount in full
and other expenses incurred by the financial institution. Alternatively, you
can introduce a buyer, e.g. a family member or friend, to buy the car at the
price given in the Fifth Schedule.
Within 21 days of the Fifth Schedule issue, if you or your guarantors do not
settle the outstanding amount, the financial institution will sell your car by
public auction or give you the option to buy the car at a price lower than
the estimated price stated in the Fifth Schedule.
(c) Housing Loan
The market for housing loans today is very competitive and financial
institutions now offers all kinds of loans to attract customers. Some loans
are even packaged with free gifts.
Do your research, get as much information as you can and compare items
such as interest rates before deciding on the loan suitable for you. As with
other loan products, you can choose between a conventional or Islamic
housing loan.
A housing loan is a large financial commitment, one that will stretch over
many years. Think very carefully about the various aspects of such a loan
before making your decision, some of which are as follows:
(i) Is the loan meant for buying a completed house or one under
construction? Are you buying land to build a house?
(ii) What is the value of the house or land you want to buy? How much
can you afford to pay in monthly instalments, depending on your
monthly cash flow?
(iii) Do you have enough money to make the downpayments and the cash
flow to pay the loan instalments?
(iv) What are the incidental fees or costs that you have to pay? The more
common ones are legal fees, stamp duties, processing fees and
disbursement fees.
(v) Is the interest rate fixed or variable with the Base Lending Rate (BLR)?
(vi) How flexible can your loan payments be? There are several payment
schemes available.
(vii) Is there an early termination penalty if you repay your loan in full
before the tenure expires? Financial institutions may impose such a
penalty because of the attractive rates they may have packaged for the
loan.
Is it better to take a loan on a fixed or variable interest rate? With a fixed
rate loan, the interest is fixed and you therefore know the amount of
instalments you need to pay. With a variable rate loan, the rate changes
according to the BLR. If the BLR rises, your interest rate will increase and
your monthly repayments will be higher. On the other hand, if the BLR
decreases you will benefit from paying lower monthly repayments.
There are also variable interest rate loans with fixed monthly payments where
any changes to the interest rate will either increase or decrease the loan tenure.
There is more than one method of paying housing loan (Table 10.5). The
principal sum of a loan is reduced each time an instalment is paid.
Table 10.5: Method of Payment for Housing Loan
Method of Payment Explanation
(a) Graduated Payment This allows you to pay lower instalment payments
at the beginning of the loan. The amount will,
however, gradually increase over time. This scheme
is useful if you had just started working and your
salary will increase over the years.
(b) Partial Prepayment of
the Outstanding Loan
You can shorten the loan tenure by making partial
prepayments with your surplus savings or annual
bonus. If done during the early years of the loan
tenure, you can reduce your interest charges. There
may, however, be restrictions on how much you can
pay.
As a borrower you should:
(i) Read and understand all the terms and conditions of the loan;
(ii) Stick to these terms and conditions;
(iii) Ask questions on all aspects of the loan to your satisfaction;
(iv) Make payments on time; and
(v) Check that you have accurate information on your loan account on a
regular basis.
As with any loan, if you fail to pay your instalments, the financial
institution will take legal action against you to recover the loan.
To enhance the borrower's credit standing and enable them to obtain
financing be it for car or housing loan financial institutions may require
guarantees from prospective borrowers. You may be requested by a family
member or friend to become a guarantor for his or her loan. Think carefully
before you agree to do so because being a guarantor for a loan means that if
the borrower cannot or will not pay the loan, you are legally bound to do so.
Should you agree to be a guarantor, make sure that:
(i) You read and understand the nature of the guarantee and the
implications on you;
(ii) You do not sign a blank or partially filled document;
(iii) You do not become a guarantor to someone whose integrity you are
doubtful of; and
(iv) You are aware of your liabilities if variations are made to the terms
and conditions of the loan.
It is not easy to withdraw from being a guarantor. The decision is up to the
financial institution, which may agree subject to conditions such as full
repayment of the principal debt. Even if the borrower passes away, the
financial institution can seek recourse from the guarantor if there are no
other sources of repayment of the loan.
10.3.3 Types of Cards, Credit Trap and Tips on Using
Credit Card
In this subtopic, we will look at the types of card available to us, the credit trap of
paying the minimum and tips on using credit cards.
(a) Types of Card
Well, there are few cards available these days to make our lives easier so we
do not have to carry cash every time we shop or pay for any service
rendered. The types of cards can be seen in Figure 10.6.
Figure 10.6: Types of card
Below is detailed explanation of each type of card listed above.
(i) Credit Card
Credit cards allow you to buy items and pay for services electronically
without using cash. When you use a credit card, the credit card
acquirer will pay the merchant on your behalf and bill you later
through your issuing bank. This makes purchasing things a lot easier.
Credit card can be a useful payment instrument if you know how to
use it properly and wisely. Some of its benefits are as follows:
• It is a convenient and efficient method of payment;
• You can use the statement to track your spending for budgeting
purposes;
• Some credit cards provide personal accident and travel insurance,
depending on the type of card issued;
• Credit card issuers have introduced attractive schemes, such as
zero-interest instalment scheme, flexi-pay scheme and 0% balance
transfer, to enable you to maximise on your purchases; and
• You can also earn loyalty points for usage of credit cards, a reward
that is unavailable when cash payments are made.
Normally, the credit card limit given is two or three times your
monthly salary. If you use your card up to this limit, you are
effectively spending at least two or three months of your salary in
advance.
(ii) Charge Card
Charge card is similar to a credit card. While credit card allows you to
make a minimum payment when you receive your monthly
statement, charge card does not. With a charge card, you must pay the
total amount due in full each month, failing which, late payment
charges will be imposed.
(iii) Debit Card
Debit card is similar to an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) card,
except that you do not have to withdraw cash from an ATM. You can
use the debit card at places where you pay for products or services.
The amount spent will be immediately deducted from your bank
account. Similiar to credit card, it is convenient to use debit card
because you do not have to carry cash with you.
(iv) Prepaid Card
Prepaid card can be used to make purchases but there is a spending
limit equivalent to the amount of money you place on the card. It is
like a prepaid phone card or a Touch & Go card where you have a
fixed amount of money you can spend. When the amount placed on
the card gets low, you can reload up to the maximum amount as
determined by the card issuer. Debit and prepaid cards are better
options for people who are not financially disciplined.
(b) The Credit Trap of Paying the Minimum
It may be tempting to just pay the minimum monthly due on your credit
card statement. After all, it helps with your cash flow. Unfortunately there
are consequences of paying just the minimum each month a you will incur
interest charges and it will take you longer to settle your outstanding
balance. The result? Huge debts in a short time frame. At present, most card
issuers impose a finance charge of 1.5% per month, which is charged on a
daily basis and compounded monthly.
Earlier in this module we have discussed the effect of compound interest
when you save your money. Compound interest also applies in this
situation, where interest is paid on the principal amount plus the
accumulated interest amount owing.
It is important to realise that the longer you take to settle your credit card
debts by making minimum payments, the more money you will owe. With
high interest rates, you will end up paying more money to the financial
institution as compared to the original amount you paid for the product or
service. Remember to always pay in full a this will ensure you keep out of
financial trouble.
(c) Tips on Using Credit Cards
Here are few tips that you may adopt when using your credit card:
(i) Pay the amount due in full when you get your monthly statement to
avoid paying interest;
(ii) Do not use a credit card if you cannot make the monthly payments;
(iii) Limit the number of credit cards you have;
(iv) Do not use your credit card to get cash advances from an ATM.
Each time you use your credit card to withdraw money, you are
increasing your loan commitments in addition to paying upfront
withdrawal charges and daily interest;
(v) Pay before the due date to avoid late payment charges and penalty
rates;
(vi) Be aware of the consequences of paying minimum amounts all the
time;
(vii) If you have a cash flow problem, pay the minimum amount for the
present but pay the full amount as soon as possible; and
(viii) Always check your credit card monthly statement to ensure proper
transactions and charges are recorded. The statement includes your
transactions, any fees and charges, the due date of payment and the
minimum payment. Call your bank if there is anything wrong with
your statements, or you have not received it.
10.3.4 Repayment and Default
A good paymaster is one who pays his or her monthly loan repayments on time
and in the amount required according to the terms and conditions of the loan
agreement. In this subtopic we will look into credit bureau and debt repayment
problem.
(a) Credit Bureau
The Credit Bureau of Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) has been in operation
since 1982. It collects credit information on borrowers, including private
individuals, businesses (sole proprietors and partnerships), companies and
government entities, and supplies the information back to lenders.
The Credit Bureau keeps information in the Central Credit Reference
Information System (CCRIS), which is a computerised system that
automatically processes credit data received from financial institutions and
synthesises these information into credit reports. These reports are made
available to financial institutions on request.
Each time you make a new application for a loan, the financial institution
will check your payment history with the Credit Bureau. They will use the
information to decide whether to give you a loan or not. Other than the
Credit Bureau, there are also privately-owned companies that provide their
clients, including financial institutions, with information on a borrower's
repayment record and status of legal actions, if any.
Keep a copy of your CCRIS report to track your loans with financial
institutions and monitor your loan and credit card repayment pattern. You
can check whether you have a healthy repayment schedule and defaults or
late payments appearing in your report. If your CCRIS report indicates late
repayment or default, a financial institution has the option of denying any new loan applications because it indicates that you are not managing your
loans well or you have financial difficulties.
It pays to be a good paymaster because this will be reflected in your credit
report. In fact, effective 1 July 2008, you are rewarded for being prompt in
your credit card payments a financial institutions will impose finance
charges on a tiered basis depending on your repayment behaviour.
If you wish to find more information on Credit Bureau, surf this website:
http://creditbureau.bnm.gov.my.
(b) Debt Repayment Problem
Defaulting on loan payments and failing to settle your credit card debt can
have terrible consequences. You will be sued by the financial institution. Your
car or property will be auctioned. Your family members will be affected
because they may have to help in paying your debts. Your guarantors, if any,
will also suffer because legal action can be taken against them. On top of that,
you may become a bankrupt if you fail to repay your loan.
You will suffer emotionally due to stress. You will be getting constant calls
and letters from lawyers and lenders to demand that you settle your debts.
In such situations, you can become unproductive and your work or health
may be affected.
Some signs to show that you are in financial difficulty are:
(i) You are not in control of your money i.e. your expenses are more than
your income;
(ii) You have more debts than you can manage to pay;
(iii) You are only able to pay the minimum 5% every month on your credit
card bills;
(iv) You do not have any savings to meet personal or family emergencies;
(v) You get calls from debt collectors regularly; and
(vi) You are being served with legal notice of demand.
If you are facing any of the above problems, seek help and advice on your
finances from a professional financial counselor as soon as possible.
• In order to build wealth, start saving and invest now. You need to increase
your assets in order to increase your net worth. Diversify your investments in
order to spread your risks. The higher the return you get from an investment,
the greater the risk.
• The amount of life insurance to buy depends on how much money you need
to support your lifestyle and pay your expenses when you are critically ill or
disabled due to an illness or accident.
• An insurance consultant or broker has to be licensed by BNM and be a
member of the Malaysian Insurance and Takaful Brokers Association.
• A life insurance agent must be appointed by a licensed life insurance
company and registered with the Life Insurance Association of Malaysia
(LIAM).
• A general insurance agent must be appointed by a licensed general insurance
company and registered with Persatuan Insuran Am Malaysia (PIAM).
• When making a claim, ensure that you have all the documents needed by the
insurance company to speed up the process.
• When applying for a loan, ask yourself the purpose of the loan and whether
you can afford to make the instalments. Never ever resort to borrowing from
1. What are the risks of becoming a guarantor? How can you minimise
the risks of becoming a guarantor?
2. How do you determine whether an individual is facing financial
difficulty?
SELF-CHECK 10.3
Discuss the main types of loan..
EXERCISE 10.3
unlicensed money lenders. Be aware of the terms and conditions of the loans
you take.
• Always ask for the effective interest rate on all your hire purchase and fixed
rate term loans. Your total monthly payments on all your loans and credit
card debt should not exceed one-third of your gross monthly salary.
• Do not fall into the trap of using credit and charge cards as if it is „free‰
money.
• Paying only the minimum monthly payment on your credit card statement
can result in a huge debt due to the compounding effect.
• Aim to be a good paymaster so that you will have a positive credit report.
Bonds
Borrowing
Cash
Credit
Financial Scams
Fixed interest investment
Insurance
Insurance coverage
Insurance premium
Investment
Loan
Property
Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
Risk and return
Saving
Shares
Takaful
Unit trust funds
Wealth
